The Wiley Handbook on What Works with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law: A Critical Review of Theory, Practice, and Policy ffffiirrss..iinndddd 11 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::5555 WILEY-BLACKWELL SERIES IN: WHAT WORKS IN OFFENDER REHABILITATION Series Editors Leam A. Craig Forensic Psychology Practice Ltd, The Willows Clinic, UK Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, UK School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK and Louise Dixon School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand WHAT WORKS IN OFFENDER REHABILITATION: AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT Leam A. Craig, Louise Dixon, and Theresa A. Gannon THE WILEY HANDBOOK ON WHAT WORKS IN CHILD MALTREATMENT: AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT IN CARE PROCEEDINGS Louise Dixon, Daniel Perkins, Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis, and Leam A. Craig THE WILEY HANDBOOK ON WHAT WORKS IN VIOLENCE RISK MANAGEMENT: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE Steven J. Wormith, Leam A. Craig, and Todd Hogue THE WILEY HANDBOOK ON WHAT WORKS WITH OFFENDERS WITH INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES: AN EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH TO THEORY, ASSESSMENT, AND TREATMENT William R. Lindsay, Leam A. Craig, and Dorothy Griffith THE WILEY HANDBOOK ON WHAT WORKS WITH SEXUAL OFFENDERS: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN THEORY, ASSESSMENT, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION Jean Proulx, Franca Cortoni, Leam A. Craig, and Elizabeth J. Letourneu THE WILEY HANDBOOK ON WHAT WORKS WITH GIRLS AND WOMEN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THEORY, PRACTICE, AND POLICY Shelley L. Brown and Loraine Gelsthorpe ffffiirrss..iinndddd 22 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::5555 The Wiley Handbook on What Works with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law A Critical Review of Theory, Practice, and Policy Edited by Shelley L. Brown Loraine Gelsthorpe ffffiirrss..iinndddd 33 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::5555 This edition first published 2022 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Shelley L. Brown and Loraine Gelsthorpe to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Brown, Shelley L., 1969- editor. | Gelsthorpe, Loraine, editor. Title: The Wiley handbook on what works with girls and women in conflict with the law : a critical review of theory, practice, and policy / edited by Shelley L. Brown, Loraine Gelsthorpe. Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons Ltd, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021025956 (print) | LCCN 2021025957 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119886419 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119576822 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119576839 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Female offenders--Services for. | Female offenders--Rehabilitation. | Crime--Sex differences. | Sex discrimination in criminal justice administration. Classification: LCC HV6046 .W556 2022 (print) | LCC HV6046 (ebook) | DDC 364.3/74--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025956 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025957 Cover image: © ./iStock/Getty Images Cover design by Wiley Set in 10/12.5 pt GalliardStd by Integra Software Services, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ffffiirrss..iinndddd 44 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::5555 Contents Acknowledgements viii Contributors ix Introduction 1 Shelley L. Brown and Loraine Gelsthorpe Part I Theories of Female Offending 11 1 Evolution, Evidence, and Impact of the Feminist Pathways Perspective 13 Kristy Holtfreter, Natasha Pusch, and Katelyn A. Golladay 2 Developmental and Life Course Perspectives on Female Offending 24 Alex R. Piquero, Nicole Leeper Piquero, and Chelsey Narvey 3 Extending Learning, Control, and Strain Perspectives to Explain the Gender Gap and Female Offending 34 Lisa Broidy and Megan Nyce 4 Understanding Female Crime and Antisocial Behavior through a Biosocial and Evolutionary Lens 46 Shelley L. Brown and Colleen Robb Part II Assessment and Security Classification 62 5 Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law: A Review of Risk and Strength Factors 64 Terri Scott, Megan Wagstaff, and Cassandra Conley 6 Assessment, Security Classification and Humane Prison Environments 77 Kelley Blanchette and Renée Gobeil 7 Advances in Female Risk Assessment 89 Linsey Belisle, Jaclyn Parker Keen, Tereza Trejbalová, Bridget Kelly, and Emily J. Salisbury 8 Can “Gender Neutral” Risk Assessment Tools be used with Women and Girls? If so, How? 102 Mark Olver and Keira C. Stockdale ffttoocc..iinndddd 55 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::4455 vi Contents 9 Validating Supplementary Needs Assessment Tools for Use with Girls and Women in Conflict with the Law 120 Jala Rizeq and Tracey Skilling Part III Exploring the Meaning of Gender Responsive Tenets 135 10 Defining and Evaluating Gender-Responsive Treatment 137 Patricia Van Voorhis 11 Expanding Opportunities for Justice-Involved Women: Transforming the What and How of Rehabilitation 157 Marilyn Van Dieten 12 Creating a Trauma-Informed Justice System for Women 172 Stephanie Covington 13 Taking Note of Carceral Distance in Family Programs for Incarcerated Women 185 Caroline Lanskey and Molly Biddle 14 Responding to Problem Substance Use: Deconstructing Structures and Politicizing the Personal 203 Maria Fotopoulou and Margaret S. Malloch Part IV Gender Responsive Models in Practice 215 15 Women, Crime, and Justice in Scotland 217 Gill McIvor 16 A Review of Women-Centered Programming and Research Evidence in the Federal Canadian Context 229 Chantal Allen and Kaitlyn Wardrop 17 Women, Crime and Justice in England and Wales 244 Loraine Gelsthorpe 18 Effective Community Interventions for Justice-Involved Girls and Women in the United States 256 Merry Morash and Kayla M. Hoskins 19 Evidence-Based Community Supervision Models that Work: The Australian Approach 267 Rosemary Sheehan Part V Working with Special Populations Through a Gender Responsive Lens 281 20 Evidence Based Practices with Justice-Involved Indigenous Girls and Women 283 Leticia Gutierrez and Kayla A. Wanamaker 21 Female Offending During Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 295 Gilly Sharpe 22 Trauma and Mental Health Among Justice-involved Girls and Women 307 Vivienne de Vogel ffttoocc..iinndddd 66 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::4455 Contents vii 23 Personality Disorders and Female Offending 323 Janet I. Warren, Shelly L. Jackson, Elisha R. Agee, Sara B. Millspaugh, and Maihan F. Alam 24 Female Perpetrators of Sexual Offences 342 Samuel T. Hales and Theresa A. Gannon 25 Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence 354 Annette McKeown, Patrick J. Kennedy, and Joanne McGrath Part VI Legal and Policy Implications 369 26 What Works? Beyond Interventions and Programs 371 Loraine Gelsthrope 27 The Impact of Law and Correctional Policies on Women Incarcerated in the United States 383 Andie Moss and Julie Abbate 28 Successful Resettlement or Setting Women Up to Fail? Policy and Practice for Women Released from Prison in England and Wales 396 Katy Swaine Williams and Jenny Earle Conclusion 409 Loraine Gelsthorpe and Shelley L. Brown Index 415 ffttoocc..iinndddd 77 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::4455 Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the contributors for their patience, given the long gestation of this book, when the pandemic has taken its toll on all of us. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Faith Payne and Charlotte Dove, based at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK, for their generous assistance in getting all the chapters into the Wiley house style. We have benefited from the kind assistance of Cathrine Pettersen, Emma McFarlane, Melissa O’Donaghy, and Cassidy Hatton from the Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. Thank you for your immense help in collating and formatting the chapters. We would also like to thank the publishers for their patience and understanding as we repeatedly promised and missed deadlines. Many thanks are also extended to the copyedit team for painstakingly proofreading the book. Most importantly, we would like to acknowledge the endless courage and personal resil- ience of the girls and women (and their families) who have been impacted by criminal justice systems worldwide. ffllaasstt..iinndddd 88 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::3399 Contributors Julie Abbate, J.D. University of Houston, Downtown (Former) Deputy Chief Houston, Texas Special Litigation Section United States Civil Rights Division US Department of Justice Molly Biddle, B.A. (Haverford College) Washington, D.C. Visiting Student, 2018–19 United States Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge Maihan F. Alam, B.A. Cambridge, United Kingdom Research Assistant Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy Kelley Blanchette, Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry and Ottawa, Ontario Neurobehavioral Sciences Canada Charlottesville, University of Virginia United States Lisa Broidy, Ph.D. Regents’ Professor and Graduate Program Chantal Allen Director Manager Department of Sociology Women Offender Sector University of New Mexico Correctional Service of Canada Albuquerque, New Mexico Ottawa, Ontario Canada Shelley L. Brown, Ph.D. Associate Professor Elisha R. Agee, Psy.D. Department of Psychology Staff Forensic Psychologist Carleton University Institute of Law, Psychiatry, & Public Policy Ottawa, Ontario University of Virginia School of Medicine Canada Charlottesville, Virginia United States Cassandra Conley, M.A. Department of Psychology Linsey Belisle, Ph.D. Carleton University Assistant Professor Ottawa, Ontario Department of Criminal Justice and Social Work Canada ffllaasstt..iinndddd 99 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::3399 x Contributors Stephanie S. Covington, Ph.D., L.C.S.W. Katelyn A. Golladay, Ph.D. Co-Director, Institute for Relational Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Development, Center for Gender and Justice Justice & Sociology La Jolla, California University of Wyoming United States Laramie, Wyoming United States Vivienne de Vogel, Ph.D. Professor at the University of Applied Loraine Gelsthorpe, Ph.D. Sciences Utrecht Professor of Criminology and Criminal Centre for Social Innovation Justice & Director Senior Researcher at the Research Institute of Criminology, University of Department De Forensische Cambridge Zorgspecialisten Cambridge Utrecht United Kingdom The Netherlands Leticia Gutierrez, Ph.D. Dr. Jenny Earle Senior Research and Policy Advisor Open University Honorary Doctorate; B.A. Office of the Correctional Investigator (Hons) Cantab Ottawa, Ontario Programme Director, Reducing Women’s Canada Imprisonment Prison Reform Trust Samuel T. Hales, M.Sc. (Forensic London Psychology), MBPsS United Kingdom Doctoral Researcher in Forensic Psychology Centre of Research & Education in Forensic Maria Fotopoulou, Ph.D. Psychology (CORE-FP) Lecturer in Criminology and Programme School of Psychology, Keynes College, Director MSc Substance Use University of Kent Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Canterbury, Kent Research United Kingdom University of Stirling Stirling Kristy Holtfreter, Ph.D. Scotland Professor, School of Criminology & Criminal Justice Theresa A. Gannon, DPhil., CPsychol. Arizona State University (Forensic) Phoenix, Arizona Professor United States Centre of Research & Education in Forensic and Psychology (CORE-FP) Editor-in-Chief, Feminist Criminology School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent Kayla M. Hoskins, M.S. Canterbury, Kent Doctoral Candidate United Kingdom Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice Renée Gobeil, Ph.D. Michigan State University Ottawa, Ontario East Lansing, Michigan Canada United States ffllaasstt..iinndddd 1100 0044--0033--22002222 1133::4455::3399