The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions PDF
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The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions The Wiley -Blackwell Companions to Religion The Wiley - Blackwell Companions to Religion series presents a collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about world religions. Each volume draws together newly - commissioned essays by distin- guished authors in the fi eld, and is presented in a style which is accessible to undergraduate students, as well as scholars and the interested general reader. These volumes approach the subject in a creative and forward - thinking style, providing a forum in which leading scholars in the fi eld can make their views and research available to a wider audience. Recently Published The Blackwell Companion to Religious Ethics Edited by William Schweiker The Blackwell Companion to Christian Spirituality Edited by Arthur Holder The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion Edited by Robert A. Segal The Blackwell Companion to the Qur ’ a¯n Edited by Andrew Rippin The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought Edited by Ibrahim M. The Blackwell Companion to the Bible and Culture Edited by John F. A. Sawyer The Blackwell Companion to Catholicism Edited by James J. Buckley, Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt, and Trent Pomplun The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity Edited by Ken Parry The Blackwell Companion to the Theologians Edited by Ian S. Markham The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature Edited by Rebecca Lemon, Emma Mason, John Roberts, and Christopher Rowland The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament Edited by David E. Aune The Blackwell Companion to Nineteenth Century Theology Edited by David Fergusson The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America Edited by Philip Goff The Blackwell Companion to Jesus Edited by Delbert Burkett The Blackwell Companion to Paul Edited by Stephen Westerholm The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence Edited by Andrew R. Murphy The Blackwell Companion to Christian Ethics, Second Edition Edited by Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Wells The Wiley - Blackwell Companion Practical Theology Edited by Bonnie J. Miller - McLemore The Wiley - Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice Edited by Michael D. Palmer and Stanley M. Burgess The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions Edited by Randall L. Nadeau A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2012 ' 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientifi c, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Offi ce John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offi ces 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offi ces, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/ wiley-blackwell. The right of Randall L. Nadeau to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data HB: 9781405190312 The Wiley-Blackwell companion to Chinese religions / edited by Randall L. Nadeau. p. cm. – (Wiley-Blackwell companions to religion) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4051-9031-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. China–Religion. I. Nadeau, Randall Laird, 1956- BL1802.W55 2012 299.5'1–dc23 2011046041 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/13 pt Photina by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited 1 2012 Dedicated to Professor Daniel L. Overmyer, inspiring teacher and mentor, pioneering scholar — sinological studies “ from the ground up. ” Contents Notes on Contributors ix 1 Introduction 1 Randall Nadeau Part I Historical Survey 25 2 Chinese Religion in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties 27 Randall Nadeau 3 Chinese Religion from the Han to the Six Dynasties 51 Gil Raz 4 Chinese Religion in the Sui and Tang Dynasties 75 Paul Copp 5 Chinese Religion in the Song and Alien Dynasties 99 Shin-yi Chao 6 Chinese Religion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties 125 Mark Meulenbeld Part II The Traditions 145 7 The Confucian Tradition in China 147 Keith Knapp 8 The Daoist Tradition in China 171 Louis Komjathy 9 Chinese Buddhism 197 Mario Poceski viii CONTENTS 10 Chinese Popular Religion 219 Philip Clart 11 Chinese Islam 237 James D. Frankel 12 Chinese Christianity 261 Ryan Dunch Part III Critical Terms for the Study of Chinese Religions 283 13 Sacred Text 285 Thomas Jansen 14 Religious Ritual 309 Joshua Capitanio 15 Material Culture 335 Julius N. Tsai 16 Nature 349 James Miller 17 Divinity 369 Randall Nadeau 18 Gender 397 Beata Grant 19 Divination 419 Jue Guo 20 Asceticism 441 Stephen Eskildsen 21 Self-Infl icted Violence 461 Jimmy Yu Index and Glossary of Chinese Characters 481 Notes on Contributors Joshua Capitanio is an assistant professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of the West. He is a scholar of Chinese religions, with an emphasis on issues related to ritual theory and practice during the Tang and Song Dynasties. His current research is focused on interactions between Buddhism and indigenous Chinese religious traditions such as Daoism, particularly in the realms of ritual and meditative practice. He has been a fellow at Peking University and conducted advanced graduate research there. His research interests include Chinese Bud- dhism and Daoism, and a dictionary of medieval Chinese vernacular translated into English. Shin - yi Chao is an associate professor in the Department of Philosophy and Reli- gion at Rutgers University, Camden. She has conducted research on various topics related to Daoism and popular religion in China. Her publications include Daoist Ritual, State Religion, and Popular Practices: Zhenwu Worship from Song to Ming (960 – 1644) and articles on Chinese popular religion in traditional and modern periods, the Daoist examination system, and Daoist temple networks in early twelfth century China. Philip Clart is professor of Chinese Culture and History at the University of Leipzig, Germany. His main research areas are popular religion and new religious move- ments in Taiwan, religious change in Taiwan and China, and literature and religions of the late imperial period. His monographs include H an Xiangzi: The Alchemical Adventures of a Daoist Immortal and D ie Religionen Chinas . He has co - edited R eligion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society and The People and the Dao: New Studies of Chinese Religions in Honour of Daniel L. Overmyer . His articles have appeared in the Journal of Chinese Religions , T ’ oung Pao , the Journal of Ritual Studies , andEthnologies . x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Paul Copp is assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago. His research interests center on Chinese Buddhism in the Tang, Five Dynasties, and Northern Song periods. He has recently completed a book manuscript on Buddhist incantation and amulet practice in the Tang, entitled Incantatory Bodies: Material Incantation and Effi cacy in Chinese Bud- dhism, 600 – 1000 . Currently, he is at work on a new book project on Buddhist manuscript culture in ninth and tenth century Dunhuang, as well as on smaller studies of Buddhist exegetical practice in the Tang and Northern Song. Ryan Dunch is an associate professor of History and Chair of the Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Alberta. He is the author of F uzhou Protestants and the Making of a Modern China, 1857 – 1927, as well as articles and book chapters related to the past and present of Christianity in Chinese society. His principal current research focus is missionary publishing in Chinese before 1911. He serves as one of the editors of H - ASIA, an international listserv for specialists in Asian history and studies. Stephen Eskildsen is a professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of Tennessee - Chattanooga. He is the author of A sceticism in Early Taoist Religion and T he Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters , as well as articles on Taoist mysticism and inner alchemy. His current research pertains to the sensory and physical phenomena of Taoist meditation. He offers courses on Chinese Religion and comparative mysticism and ascetic practices. James D. Frankel is assistant professor of Religion at the University of Hawai ‘ i at Mā noa. His research centers on the history of Islam in China, a fi eld that draws upon and informs his scholarly interests in the comparative history of ideas, and religious and cultural syncretism. He is the author of Rectifying God’ s Name: Liu Zhi’ s Transla- tion of Monotheism and Islamic Ritual Law in Neo - Confucian China , which examines Chinese Islamic scholarship and literature of the early Qing period. He teaches courses in Islam, comparative religion, and mysticism. Beata Grant is professor of Chinese and Religious Studies at Washington University in St. Louis. Her research interests include female monasticism in China, Chinese women ’ s writing, and popular religious literature. Her articles have appeared in L ate Imperial China and the Journal of Chinese Religions, and she was editor of and con- tributor to a special two- issue volume of N an N ü : Men, Women and Gender in China on the theme of religion and gender in China. Her most recent publications include Eminent Women: Buddhist Nuns of Seventeenth - Century China and, with Wilt. L. Idema, Escape from Blood Pond Hell: The Tales of Mulian and Woman Huang. Guo Jue teaches at Western Michigan University and specializes in early China, from the Warring States period to the Han, with a focus on practice and beliefs, NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi particularly on a popular level that is not associated with traditional and institution- alized religions. Her research utilizes recently discovered archaeological materials including tomb objects and texts along with historically transmitted literature. She has published “ Concepts of Death and the Afterlife Refl ected in Newly Discovered Tomb Objects and Texts from Han China ” (in Mortality in Traditional Chinese Thought ) and is currently working on a book entitled F acing Illness: Practices of Divination and Sacrifi ce in Warring States Chu China . She teaches courses on Chinese religious tradi- tions; thematic courses on afterlife, divination, and healing from a comparative perspective; and method and theory courses focusing on non - Western traditions. Thomas Jansen is Lecturer in Chinese Studies at the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David (Lampeter Campus) and director of the Confucius Institute in Lampeter. His research interests include courtly culture in early medieval China and the uses of popular religious scriptures between 1550 and 1949. He is the author of H ö fi sche Ö ffentlichkeit im fr üh mittelalterlichen China: Debatten im Salon des Prinzen Xiao Ziliang and a number of articles on early medieval history and culture. Currently, he is co - editing a volume on Chinese religions and globalization since 1800. Keith N. Knapp is professor of History and Chair of the History Department at The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina. His research centers on the articula- tion and transmission of Confucian values and what they disclose about the social and cultural life of China ’ s early medieval era. He is particularly interested in moral stories, rituals, iconography, material culture, historiography, and education. He is the author of S elfl ess Offspring: Filial Children and Social Order in Medieval China and a number of articles published in journals and edited volumes on parental authority, ancestor worship, fi lial cannibalism, and Confucian commoners. Louis Komjathy is assistant professor of Theology and Religious Studies at the University of San Diego and research associate in the Institute of Religion, Science, and Social Studies at Shandong University. He is also founding co - director of the Center for Daoist Studies and founding co - chair of the Daoist Studies Group of the American Academy of Religion. He has published three books: T itle Index to Daoist Collections ; Cultivating Perfection: Mysticism and Self - transformation in Early Quanzhen Daoism ; and H andbooks for Daoist Practice . Mark Meulenbeld is assistant professor of East Asian Languages and Literature at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. His research focuses on the interaction between the institutional tradition of Daoism and local religious traditions in various Chinese regions. In order to explore this interactive relationship, he uses a wide variety of sources, ranging from literature and historiography to ritual manuals and material culture. He is currently fi nishing his fi rst book manuscript, entitled R ethink- ing the Novel: Exorcism, Community, and Vernacular Narrative in Late Imperial China . His next project will be based on almost a decade of fi eldwork in Hunan and on Taiwan.
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