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The White Men's Countries: Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship, 1933-1953 PDF

206 Pages·2020·8.414 MB·English
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3 The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the American and Australian governments during World War II and the early Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a r siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship, W United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen- 1933–1953 tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h i t e Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past e publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History. n ’ s C o u n t r i e s www.peterlang.com P E T E R L A Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N G 9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06 3 The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the American and Australian governments during World War II and the early Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a r siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship, W United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen- 1933–1953 tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h i t e Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past e publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History. n ’ s C o u n t r i e s P E T E R L A Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N G 9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06 3 The White Men’s Countries explores how a shared ideal of race united the American and Australian governments during World War II and the early Cold War periods. This interpretation places cultural and ideological factors H alongside the traditional emphasis on pragmatic economic and security con- a r siderations in explaining why two nations whose objectives in the Pacific d Travis J. Hardy region were often at odds were able to craft one of the most enduring dip- y lomatic relationships of the twentieth century. It examines not only official policies and attitudes but also emphasizes the shared views on race carried The White Men’s Countries by both American and Australian citizens that helped to ameliorate, and at The White Men’s Countries times complicate, the bond between Washington D.C. and Canberra. This work also places greater emphasis on the post-World War II relationship as T being the most crucial time in the shaping of the alliance. The White Men’s h Countries serves to help broaden our understanding of how racial ideol- e ogy played a powerful role in the transnational relationships formed by the Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship, W United States and Australia in the mid-twentieth century and how influen- 1933–1953 tial ideological factors became in international diplomacy. h i t e Travis J. Hardy received his Ph.D. in twentieth-century American history from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. He currenlty serves as History M Chair and Provost at Southampton Academy in Courtland, Virginia. His past e publications include articles in journals such as Diplomatic History. n ’ s C o u n t r i e s P E T E R L A Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 N G 9781433169366_cvr_eu.indd All Pages 22-Feb-20 15:04:06 STUDIES IN TRANSNATIONALISM Jatinder Mann Series Editor Vol. 3 The Studies in Transnationalism series is part of the Peter Lang Humanities list. Every volume is peer reviewed and meets the highest quality standards for content and production. PETER LANG New York • Bern • Berlin Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw Travis J. Hardy The White Men’s Countries Racial Identity in the United States-Australian Relationship, 1933–1953 PETER LANG New York • Bern • Berlin Brussels • Vienna • Oxford • Warsaw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hardy, Travis J., author. Title: The white men’s countries: racial identity in the United States-Australian relationship, 1933–1953 / Travis J. Hardy. Description: New York: Peter Lang, 2020. Series: Studies in Transnationalism, vol. 3 ISSN 2578-9317 (print) | ISSN 2578-9325 (online) Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019030108 | ISBN 978-1-4331-6936-6 (hardback: alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4331-6937-3 (ebook pdf) ISBN 978-1-4331-6938-0 (epub) | ISBN 978-1-4331-6939-7 (mobi) Subjects: LCSH: United States—Relations—Australia. | Australia—Relations—United States. | Whites—Race identity—United States. | Whites—Race identity—Australia. | World War, 1939–1945—Social aspects—United States. | World War, 1939–1945—Social aspects—Australia. | United States—Politics and government—1945–1989. | Australia—Politics and government—1945– | Racism—Political aspects—Pacific Area—History—20th century. Classification: LCC E183.8.A8 H265 2020 | DDC 327.73094—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019030108 DOI 10.3726/b15632 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the “Deutsche Nationalbibliografie”; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de/. Cover image from The National Library of Australia © 2020 Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., New York 29 Broadway, 18th floor, New York, NY 10006 www.peterlang.com All rights reserved. Reprint or reproduction, even partially, in all forms such as microfilm, xerography, microfiche, microcard, and offset strictly prohibited. This book is dedicated with great gratitude to my family whose support has been vital in seeing this work through to completion. In particular, my deepest appreciation goes to my wife Amy and my children, Ian and Isabel, whose patience with this project has been a constant source of inspiration during the long road to publication. Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1. Old Friends and New Strangers 1 Chapter 2. An Acrimonious Time: 1933–1940 13 Chapter 3. A Two-front War: 1941–1945 37 Chapter 4. The Commonality of Race 69 Chapter 5. A Reddened Pacific: 1946–1949 97 Chapter 6. The Pendulum of War: 1950–1953 129 Chapter 7. The Aftermath of War 169 Index 185

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