The Wheat Rusts — Breeding for Resistance

212 Pages·1989·3.907 MB·English

by  Professor Dr. Douglas R. Knott (auth.)

12
Monographs on
Theoretical and Applied Genetics
Edited by
R. Frankel (Coordinating Editor), Bet-Dagan
M. Grossman, Urbana· H. F. Linskens, Nijmegen
P. Maliga, Oakland· R. Riley, London
Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics
Volume I Meiotic Configurations
A Source of Information for Estimating
Genetic Parameters
By J. Sybenga (1975)
Volume 2 Pollination Mechanisms, Reproduction and
Plant Breeding
By R. Frankel and E. Galun (1977)
Volume 3 Incompatibility in Angiosperms
By D. de N ettancourt (1977)
Volume 4 Gene Interactions in Development
By L. I. Korochkin (1981)
Volume 5 The Molecular Theory of Radiation Biology
By K. H. Chadwick and H. P. Leenhouts (1981)
Volume 6 Heterosis
Reappraisal of Theory and Practice
Editor: R. Frankel (1983)
Volume 7 Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding
By W. Gottschalk and G. Wolff (1983)
Volume 8 Protoplast Fusion
Genetic Engineering in Higher Plants
By Y. Y. Gleba and K. M. Sytnik (1984)
Volume 9 Petunia
Editor: K. C. Sink (1984)
Volume 10 Male Sterility in Higher Plants
By M. L. H. Kaul (1988)
Volume 11 Tree Breeding: Principles and Strategies
By G.Narnkoong, H.C.Kang, and J.S.Brouard (1988)
Volume 12 The Wheat Rusts - Breeding for Resistance
By D. R. Knott (1989)
Douglas R. Knott
The Wheat Rusts -
Breeding for Resistance
With 19 Figures and 40 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Professor Dr. DOUGLAS R. KNorr
College of Agriculture
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-83643-5 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-83641-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-83641-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Knott, Douglas R., 1927 - The wheat rusts:
breeding for resistance/Douglas R. Knott. - (Monographs on theoretical and applied genetics; 12)
ISBN-13 :978-3-642-83643-5
1. Wheat - Disease and pest resistance - Genetic aspects. 2. Wheat rusts. 3. Wheat - Breeding.
I. Title. II. Series. SB608.W5K58 1989. 633.1'19425-dcl9 88-8075
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
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This book is dedicated to the late
Dr. Irvine A. Watson,
a very enthusiastic and productive wheat scientist,
who made many important contributions
in the field of rust research, and who conceived
the idea for this book.
Legend for Frontispiece
Uredia of leaf rust (a and b), stem rust (c and d), and yellow rust (e and f)
on wheat plants; photographs a to d courtesy of Dr. P. L. Dyck, Agriculture
Canada Research Station, Winnipeg, and e and f courtesy of AFRC-IPSR
Cambridge Laboratory
a b
c d
e
Preface
The idea for this book was conceived by the late Dr. Irvine A. Watson of
the University of Sydney, and he developed the first outline. I was then
invited by Dr. Watson to share in its writing. Unfortunately, shortly there
after, recurring heart problems forced him to curtail his activities and with
draw from the project. He died before the book could be completed.
Dr. Watson's intention was to produce a very practical book that would
provide wheat breeders with all of the information necessary to breed success
fully for resistance to the three wheat rusts: leaf rust, stem rust, and yellow
rust. It was intended to be very specific in describing procedures to be used
and at the same time provide all of the necessary theoretical background.
I hope that I have been successful in meeting these objectives. The book
assumes that the reader has some knowledge of plant pathology, genetics,
and plant breeding.
Extensive use has been made of the literature, but it was not possible
to cite all of the papers on a given topic. In making a choice, an attempt
was made to choose key papers or more recent papers that provided references
to the earlier literature.
Acknowledgements
This book was written partly at the University of Saskatchewan and partly
at the University of California, Davis, while I was on a sabbatical leave.
I am particularly grateful to the Department of Agronomy and Range Science
and its chairman, Dr. D. A. Phillips, for providing me with excellent facilities
and support during my stay at Davis.
I am very grateful to friends and colleagues who reviewed chapters for
me: Dr. P. L. Dyck, Dr. P. McGuire, Dr. R. W. Michelmore, Dr. C. O.
Qualset, and especially Dr. R. Johnson, who read several chapters and
collaborated on the section on the genetics of resistance to yellow rust.
Nevertheless, I must take responsibility for any errors that may occur and
for the opinions that are expressed.
I very much appreciated the help of typists who translated my scrawl
into print: Betty Ann Atimoyoo, Mary Lee, and Joan McLean at the
University of Saskatchewan, and Linda Davis, Marilee Schmidt, and Evelyn
Martinelli at the University of California, Davis.
Saskatchewan, Canada
January 1989 DOUGLAS R. KNOTT
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction . 1
1.1 The Hosts .. 1
1.2 The Pathogens 6
1.3 The Importance of the Rusts . 8
1.4 Rust Control. 12
1.5 Conclusion 13
Chapter 2 The Wheat Rust Pathogens 14
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Life Cycles . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Axenic Culture of the Rusts 20
2.4 Classifying Infection Types. 20
2.5 Variability in the Rust Pathogens 22
2.6 The Origin of Pathogenic Variability 30
2.7 Eradicating Barberry to Control Stem Rust 37
Chapter 3 Rust Tests Under Controlled Conditions . 38
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2 Production and Storage of Inoculum 38
3.3 Seedling Rust Tests . . . . . . . . 46
3.4 Adult Plant Rust Tests . . . . . . 47
3.5 Tests with Accurate Control of Inoculation Rates 47
3.6 Field Rust Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Chapter 4 Surveying Variability in Host and Pathogen 50
4.1 Race Surveys in the Rusts . . . . 50
4.2 Surveying Resistance in the Hosts 53
4.3 The Analysis of Rust Populations . 55
Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of Resistance . . 58
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2 Early Genetic Studies on Resistance 58
5.3 Procedures for Determining the Inheritance of
Resistance to Rust . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
XII Contents
5.4 The Inheritance of Resistance to Stem Rust . 63
5.5 The Inheritance of Resistance to Leaf Rust 67
5.6 The Inheritance of Resistance to Yellow Rust
(with R. Johnson) . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.7 Identifying an Unknown Gene for Rust Resistance 74
5.8 Genetic Linkages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.9 The Effect of Temperature on Genes for Resistance. 77
5.10 The Inheritance of Complex Resistance . . . 78
5.11 Procedures for Studying Complex Resistance. 81
5.12 The Inheritance of Virulence in Rust Fungi 82
Chapter 6 The Genetics of Host-Pathogen Interactions 84
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2 The Gene-for-Gene System . . . . . . . 84
6.3 Using Infection Type Data Sets to Postulate Genotypes 91
6.4 Apparent Exceptions to the Gene-for-Gene Hypothesis 96
6.5 Race-Specific and Race-Non - Specific Resistance. . 99
6.6 Durable Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.7 Association and Dissociation of Genes for Virulence 107
Chapter 7 Cytogenetic Analysis of Resistance . . . . . . 109
7.1 Development of Aneuploids . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2 Maintaining Monosomics and Other Aneuploids 109
7.3 Producing Monosomic Series in Other Cultivars 111
7.4 Using Monosomics to Identify Chromosomes Carrying
Genes for Rust Resistance. . . . . . . 112
7.5 Chromosome Mapping Using Telocentrics . 117
7.6 Production and Use of Substitution Lines . 119
7.7 The Use of Reciprocal Monosomic Hybrids 122
7.8 The Backcross Reciprocal Monosomic Method 122
7.9 Monosomic Analysis in Durum Wheat 124
Chapter 8 Breeding Methods . 126
8.£ Introduction . . . . 126
8.2 Field Rust Nurseries 126
8.3 Greenhouse or Growth Chamber Rust Tests 131
8.4 The Pedigree System of Breeding. 132
8.5 Off-Season Nurseries . . . . 135
8.6 The Bulk System of Breeding 135
8.7 A Modified Bulk System 135
8.8 Backcrossing. . . . . . . . 136
8.9 Partial or Incomplete Backcrossing 138
8.10 Convergent Backcrossing . 138
8.11 Single Seed Descent (SSD) 139
8.12 Recurrent Selection. . . . 140