The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and Health

486 Pages·1981·13.818 MB·English

by  Wayne W. Carmichael (auth.), Wayne W. Carmichael (eds.)

THE
WATER
ENVIRONMENT
Algal Toxi. and Health
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
Editorial Board
Alexander Hollaender Bruce L. Welch
Associated Universities, Inc. Environmental Biomedicine Research, Inc.
Washington, D.C. and
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Ronald F. Probstein
Baltimore, Maryland
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
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AND ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL MIXTURES
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Edited by Trilochan S. Bakshi and Zev Naveh
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Edited by Paul G. Falkowski
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Edited by Wayne W. Carmichael
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THE
WATER
ENVIRONMENT
Algal Toxins and Health
Edited by
Wayne W. Carmichael
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3269-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-3267-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-3267-1
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Proceedings of an International Conference on Toxic Algae,
held June 29-July 2, 1980, at Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
These proceedings have been approved for publication by the Health Effects
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1981
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONFERENCE SPONSORS
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cooperative Agreement R 807 309-01
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio
CONFERENCE HOST
Wright State University
Dayton, Ohio
Editorial Committee:
WAYNE W. CARMICHAEL
Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University,
Dayton, Ohio
PAUL R. GORHAM
Department of Botany, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta. Canada
RICHARD E. MOORE
Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii
JOHN J. SASNER, JR
Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire,
Durham, New Hampshire
Conference Organizer:
WAYNE W. CARMICHAEL
Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University,
Dayton, Ohio
Project Officer:
EDWIN C. LIPPY
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, HERL,
Cincinnati, Ohio
PREFACE
The conference on The Water Environment: Algal Toxins and
Health was held at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, on June
29, 30, July 1, 2, 1980. Its principal objectives were to bring
together, for the first time, researchers, public officials and
interested parties in order to present and discuss what is known
about algal toxins. The conference concentrated almost exclusively
on toxins and toxic blooms of blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria).
Since the most common Cyanobacteria bloom forming species are also
the ones most likely to produce toxins, they are a problem in the
maintenance of safe animal and human water supplies. While poison
ings by Cyanobacteria involve mainly domestic and wild animals, they
may also be responsible for cases of human gastroenteritis and con
tact poisoning. Even though human poisonings by Cyanobacteria have
historically not been a widespread problem, continued deterioration
of our recreational and municipal water supplies suggests that blooms
of non-toxic and toxic Cyanobacteria blooms will increase. In addi
tion to studies on their role as disease agents, there is basic
research being done on their pharmacological properties to determine
their mode of action and usefulness as tools in the study of basic
neuromuscular mechanisms.
These papers were centrally typed for reproduction as camera
ready copy. Each paper was reviewed and edited by at least two per
sons of the editorial committee. This volume is organized into five
major sections: 1. A review section on algal toxins including dino
flagellate and Prymnesium toxins; 2. A section covering occurrence
and ecology of toxic Cyanobacteria blooms; 3. Culturing methods plus
studies on new toxic species including a paper on the toxin of the
green alga Pandorina morum; 4. A section on public health problems
of Cyanobacteria; 5. A section emphasizing isolation, physiology,
pharmacology and detection methods for Cyanobacteria toxins.
The conference organizer would like to thank the members of the
editorial committee for reviewing and editing the papers. I am also
grateful to those students and faculty of Wright State University who
assisted with the conference, especially Ann Blasingame who was
vii
viii PREFACE
assistant to the conference coordinator. Laurel Carmichael typed and
proofread the entire set of manuscripts, and it was her care and per
sistence that permitted the Proceedings to meet its timetable. With
out the financial support of U. S. E. P. A., H. E. R. L., the confer
ence could not have been held. On behalf of the conference editors
and attendees we express our thanks for their support.
Wayne W. Carmichael
Wright State University
CONTENTS
I. REVIEW OF TOXIC ALGAE
Fresbwater Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria) Toxins -
A Review ••••••.••.••• 1
W. W. Carmichael
Toxins from Marine Blue-green Algae . • • . • . . • . • • •. 15
R. E. Moore
Poisons Produced by Dinoflagellates - A Review 25
E. J. Schantz
The Toxic Principles of Prymnesium parvum . . . . . . . . .. 37
H. Shilo
II. OCCURRENCE AND ECOLOGY OF TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA
Studies on the Ecology, Growth and Physiology of Toxic
Microcystis aeruginosa in South Africa ..•. 49
W. E. Scott, D. J. Barlow, and J. H. Hauman
Autecological Studies on Microcystis 71
J. N. Eloff
Is a Plasmid(s) Involved in the Toxicity of
Microcystis aeruginosa? . . . . . . . 97
J. H. Hauman
A Toxic Bloom of Anabaena ftos-aquae in Hebgen
Reservoir Montana in 1977 . • • . • . • 103
R. E. Juday, E. J. Keller, A. Horpestad,
L. L. Bahls, and S. Glasser
ix
x CONTENTS
Morphology of Toxic versus Non-Toxic Strains
of Aphanizomenon fZos-aquae . . . . . . 113
M. M. Ecker, T. L. Foxall,
and J. J. Sasner, Jr.
The Occurrence of Toxic Cyanophyte Blooms in
Australia • • • . • • • • • 127
V. Hay
The Recent Blue-green Algal Blooms of Long
Lake, Washington • • • • 143
R. A. Soltero and D. G. Nichols
The Mosaic Nature of Toxic Blooms of Cyanobacteria 161
W. W. Carmichael and P. R. Gorham
III. CULTURING METHODS AND REPORTS OF NEW TOXIC SPECIES
Collection, Purification, and Culture of
Cyanobacteria • • • • • 173
G. J. Court, J. H. Kycia,
and H. W. Siegelman
Culture of Planktonic Cyanophytes on Agar • • • . • . • . . . 185
E. A. D. Allen and P. R. Gorham
The Effect of Physico-chemical Factors on Growth
Relevant to Mass Culture of Axenic
Microcystis • 193
G. H. J. Kruger and J. N. Eloff
Preliminary Tests of Toxicity of Synechocystis sp.
Grown on Wastewater Medium • . • . • • 223
E. P. Lincoln and W. W. Carmichael
Chemical Nature and Mode of Action of a Toxin
from Pandorina morum .... 231
G. M. L. Patterson, D. O. Harris,
and W. S. Cohen
IV. PUBLIC HEALTH AND TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA
Water-Associated Human Illness in Northeast
Pennsylvania and Its Suspected Association
with Blue-green Algae Blooms • . • . • • • 243
W. H. Billings
CONTENTS xi
Some Aspects Conc 'ning Remote After-effects of
Blue-green hlgae Toxin Impact on
Warm-blooded Animals • . • • 257
Yu. A. Kirpenko, L. A. Sirenko,
and N. I. Kirpenko
Temporal Association between an Algal Bloom and
Mutagenicity in a Water Reservoir . • 271
M. D. Collins, C. S. Gowans, F. Garro,
D. Estervig, and T. Swanson
Cyanobacteria and Endotoxins in Drinking
Water Supplies ..•••.••. 285
J. L. Sykora and G. Keleti
Potential for Groundwater Contamination by
Algal Endotoxins • . • • 303
C. P. Gerba and S. M. Goyal
V. ISOLATION, PHYSIOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY AND DETECTION
OF CYANOBACTERIA TOXINS
Toxicity Studies with Blue-green Algae from
Norwegian Inland Waters . . 315
%. %stensvik, o. M. Skulberg, and N. E. S~li
Isolation, Characterization and Pathology of the
Toxin from the Blue-green Alga
Miaroaystis aeruginosa . . . . 325
M. T. Runnegar and I. R. Falconer
Toxicological Studies on Miaroaystis .. . . 343
J. N. Eloff and A. J. Van Der Westhuizen
Effects of a Hepatic Toxin from the Cyanophyte
Miaroaystis aeruginosa . . . . . . . . . 365
T. L. Foxall and J. J. Sasner, Jr.
Studies on Aphantoxin from Aphanizomenon
!ZoB-aquae in New Hampshire . 389
J. J. Sasner, Jr., M. Ikawa, T. L. Foxall,
and W. H. Watson
Chemical Studies on Toxins from the Blue-green
Alga Aphanizomenon !Zos-aquae . . . . . . 405
M. Alam and K. L. Euler