The Warsaw Pact: Alliance in Transition?

284 Pages·1984·29.81 MB·English

by  David Holloway

The Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact
ALLIANCE IN TRANSITION?
EDITED BY
DAVID HOLLOWAY
AND
M. 0.
JANE SHARP
M
MACMILLAN
Copyright© Cornell University 1984
Softcover r~print ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1984 978-0-333-37975-2
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review,
this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any
form without permission in writing from the publisher.
First published in Great Britain 1984 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS
London and Basingstoke Associated Company
and representatives throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-07616-1 ISBN 978-1-349-07614-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07614-7
Contents
Preface 7
Contributors 11
Participants in the May 1982 Warsaw Pact Conference 14
Acronyms 15
PART 1: Overview
1. The Warsaw Pact in Transition
David Holloway 19
PART II: Intra-Pact Relations
2. The Warsaw Treaty Organization: A History
Malcolm Mackintosh 41
3· Defense Burden-Sharing
Condoleezza Rice 59
National Armies and National Sovereignty
4·
Christopher D. Jones 87
5· Soviet Crisis Management in Eastern Europe
F. Stephen Larrabee 111
PART III: Pursuit of East European Interests
6. Foreign Policy Goals
Edwina Moreton 141
7· Security through Detente and Arms Control
fane M. 0. Sharp 161
PART IV: Future Prospects
8. The Future of Political Relations within the Warsaw Pact
]. F. Brown 197
[sl
Contents
g. Intrabloc Economic Relations and Prospects
Paul Marer 215
10. The Warsaw Pact in the International System
Jonathan Dean 215
Notes 215
Index of Names 215
Subject Index 215
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Preface
Immediately after World War II, Stalin ruthlessly exploited Eastern
Europe: he imposed communist governments loyal to Moscow and
extracted-as reparations-resources equivalent to those which the
United States poured into Western Europe through the Marshall
Plan. With the signing of the Warsaw Pact in 1955, the post-Stalin
leadership in Moscow sought to maintain control over Eastern Eu
rope in an alliance framework ostensibly modeled on the 1949 North
Atlantic Treaty.
In both halves of Europe in the early 198os, the smaller powers
increasingly questioned the benefits of alliance. In Eastern Europe the
strains were most obvious in Poland, but economic discontent was
widespread throughout the bloc and, if more muted than in the West,
there was apprehension about the consequences of possible East
West military confrontation on the Continent.
This book seeks to contribute to the debate about European security
and the direction of East-West relations generally by broadening un
derstanding in the West of recent developments and future prospects
of the Warsaw Pact. The chapters examine the institutional evolution
of the Pact, the coordination of its foreign and defense policies, and
the economic, political, and international environment in which it
functions. The emphasis is less on the military capability of the Pact
than on the way it works as an alliance of states.
The ten contributing authors, from a variety of disciplines, tackle a
set of hitherto relatively unexplored questions as they try to measure
the extent to which the Pact has developed into a genuine alliance
over the past three decades. How is the Pact organized politically and
militarily? How are the risks and burdens of alliance shared between
the Soviet Union and the smaller East European powers and among
the East Europeans themselves? Are the nationality problems that
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Preface
Soviet leaders face in the fifteen constituent republics of the USSR
analogous to the problems of integrating and controlling the national
armies of Eastern Europe? How do the Soviets use the Pact in manag
ing crises in the bloc?
If Eastern Europe was considered a necessary ideological and se
curity buffer for the Soviet Union immediately after World War II, has
it remained so? Or has Eastern Europe in some ways become more of
a liability than an asset for Moscow? What are the costs and benefits
of alliance membership for the governments and peoples of Eastern
Europe? Do leaders of the smaller East European powers merely rub
ber-stamp Soviet policy or have they been able to use the Pact frame
work to press their own national interests? How, for example, has
Soviet arms-control diplomacy affected the security of Eastern
Europe?
The Warsaw Treaty lapses in 1985, though most analysts anticipate
some form of extension. The last three chapters in this volume specu
late about future developments both within the Pact and in the broad
er context of international relations. Despite generally bleak predic
tions for Eastern Europe in the near term, the authors acknowledge a
perceptible trend toward looser Soviet control since Stalin's time, see
the most likely impetus for innovation and long-term reform emerg
ing from economic pressures within the bloc, and find the best hope
for peaceful-albeit gradual-change in a stronger commitment to
East-West detente by both the United States and the Soviet Union.
This book stems from a project of the Peace Studies Program at
Cornell University. During the academic year 1981-1982 the program
undertook a major study of the political, military, and economic rela
tions between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. A working
group met regularly through the school year, and two conferences
were held at Cornell in the spring semester. The first, in April, was
organized in conjunction with the Department of Economics and the
Committee on Soviet Studies at Cornell and dealt primarily with East
bloc economic relations; the second, in May, focused on political
military relations. This book consists of papers selected from those
presented at the May conference, revised in the light of the con
ference discussions, and updated to take account of subsequent de
velopments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
We express our thanks to all the conference participants, both those
who presented papers and those who took part in the discussions,
and to the Rockefeller, Ford, and Allen-Heath foundations, which
supported the project. We are also grateful to Matthew Evangelista
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Preface
and Benjamin Miller, who served as conference rapporteurs, to Jane
Kellog, Karen Seferlis, and Patricia Carlson-Molan, who typed and
retyped many of the chapters, and to Trudie Calvert, who polished
our prose and shepherded the final version to publication for Cornell
University Press.
Finally, we owe special thanks to Judith Reppy, former director of
the Peace Studies Program, for her encouragement and support and
for providing a congenial atmosphere in which to work.
DAVID HoLLOWAY AND JANE M. 0. SHARP
Palo Alto, California
Ithaca, New York
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Contributors
J. F. BROWN serves as consultant to the Rand Corporation and
Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen, West Germany. He
formerly was Research Director and Director of Radio Free Europe in
Munich. Brown is the author of The New Eastern Europe: The Khru
shchev Era and Beyond (1966) and Bulgaria under Communist Rule (1970),
as well as many articles and chapters in books.
JoNATHAN DEAN, Resident Associate of the Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, has had long association with Eastern Europe
and East-West issues. In the late 1950s he was a State Department
desk officer concerned with the relations between West and East
Germany. In the early 196os he was First Secretary at the American
Embassy in Prague. In the early 1970s he was deputy negotiator for
the Four-Power Agreement on Berlin. From 1973 to 1978 he was dep
uty head of the American delegation and from 1978 to 1981 head of
the delegation to the NATO-Warsaw Pact negotiations on Mutual
and Balanced Force Reductions in Vienna. His articles on European
security issues have appeared in European and American journals.
DAVID HoLLOWAY is a Senior Research Associate at the Center for
International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University, on
leave from the Department of Politics at Edinburgh University. He
spent the academic year 1981-1982 as a Visiting Professor at the Peace
Studies Program, Cornell University. He is the author of The Soviet
Union and the Arms Race (1983) and many articles on Soviet military
affairs.
CHRISOPHER D. JoNES is Assistant Professor in the School of Inter
national Studies at the University of Washington in Seattle. He is the
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