The War on Uyghurs: China's Internal Campaign Against a Muslim Minority PDF
Preview The War on Uyghurs: China's Internal Campaign Against a Muslim Minority
The war on the Uyghurs RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 11 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics Dale F. Eickelman and Augustus Richard Norton, Series Editors A list of titles in this series can be found at the back of the book RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 22 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM The war on the Uyghurs China’s Internal Campaign against a Muslim Minority S E A N R . R O B E RT S Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 33 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM Copyright © 2020 by Princeton University Press Published in the United States and Canada in 2020 by Princeton University Press 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 press.princeton.edu First published in the United Kingdom in 2020 by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Control Number 2020934178 ISBN 978-0-691-20218-1 ISBN (e-book) 978-0-691-20221-1 Jacket image: Two ethnic Uyghur women pass Chinese paramilitary policemen standing guard outside the Grand Bazaar in the Uyghur district of the city of Urumqi in China’s Xinjiang region, July 14, 2009. Peter Parks/AFP/Getty Images Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, UK Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 44 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM For my ‘A-team’ at home: Asel and Aideen Roberts RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 55 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM ABOUT THE AUTHOR Sean R. Roberts is the Director of the International Development Studies program at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs. He has a Master’s degree in Visual Anthropology and a PhD in Cultural Anthropology from the University of Southern California. He has been studying the Uyghur people for thirty years, ever since his first trip to the Uyghur home- land in 1990. Roberts made a documentary on the Uyghurs of the China-Kazakhstan borderlands for his MA thesis in 1996 and com- pleted his PhD dissertation on this community in 2003. He has been conducting ongoing field research with Uyghurs around the world ever since, and he reads and speaks the Uyghur language. This book is the product of this long-term research and employs a wide range of Uyghur language sources, including interviews with Uyghurs as well as Uyghur language documents and videos, which have previously not been analyzed in academic works. RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 66 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM CONTENTS Map: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region viii Foreword by Ben Emmerson ix Preface xii Introduction 1 1 Colonialism, 1759–2001 21 2 How the Uyghurs became a ‘terrorist threat’ 63 3 Myths and realities of the alleged ‘terrorist threat’ associated with Uyghurs 97 4 Colonialism meets counterterrorism, 2002–2012 131 5 The self-fulfilling prophecy and the ‘People’s War on Terror,’ 2013–2016 161 6 Cultural genocide, 2017–2020 199 Conclusion 236 A note on methodology 252 Transliteration and place names 257 List of figures 259 List of abbreviations 260 Acknowledgments 262 Notes 266 Index 301 vii RROOBBEERRTTSS 99778811552266114477668844 PPRRIINNTT__ppuupp..iinndddd 77 66//2233//2200TTuueessddaayy,, JJuunnee 2233,, 22002200 11::2299 PPMM Urban centersRural areas where violence has occurred between Uyghurs and security forces since 1990 MONGOLIAMONGOLIA KumulKumul GANSU QINGHAI 400km 0 nn uu NN qq mqimqi nn LukLuk HUR HUR EGIOEGIO ion USSIAUSSIA ALTAYALTAY ayay UruUru TurpaTurpa orlaorla UYGUYGUS RUS R us Reg RR mm KK G G OO NN o KaraKara HARIAHARIA qaqa NJIANNJIANONOMONOM BASI BASI TIBET utonom GhuljaGhulja ZUNGZUNG KuKuuu XIXIAUTAUT TARIMTARIM hh KeriyaKeriya yghur A AksAks eshieshi KarakasKarakas LopLop ng U INAINA KAZAKHSTANKAZAKHSTAN AlmatyAlmaty GYZSTANGYZSTAN MaralbMaralbhgarhgarBarenBaren AktoAktoElishquElishquYarkandYarkandPoskamPoskamGumaGumaKarghalikKarghalik KhotanKhotan ANAN KASHMIRKASHMIR Xinjia HH RR ss TT CC ekek YY KaKa SS ANGANG BishkBishk KK TANTAN PAKIPAKI XINJIXINJI JIKISJIKIS AA NNAATTSSIINNAAHHGGFFAA TT viii FOREWORD Over the past two years, the international community has become increasingly aware of the relentless persecution of the Uyghurs in East Turkistan (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) by the authoritarian Chinese Communist Party. This ancient community has become stigmatised as enemies of the monolithic Chinese state that occupies its homeland. They have been subjected to collec- tive punishment in the form of mass incarceration in concentration camps, aimed at their so-called ‘re-education’. Between one m illion and three million Uyghurs have disappeared into this dystopian prison estate. The Chinese government claims these institutions are voluntary re-education camps, designed to eradicate extremism among the Muslim population of East Turkistan. The reality is that they are part of a much wider strategy aimed at eliminating the sepa- rate ethno cultural identity of the Uyghurs, and effectively wiping them off the map as a separate ethnic group. In my role as United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism, I spent six years examining the vari- ous means used by different states to prevent the spread of violent extremism and to counter the appeal of extremist narratives. I exam- ined various programs from Europe to the Middle East, from Sweden to Saudi Arabia. None of them have involved a wholesale attack on an entire community, or the mass incarceration of entirely innocent people solely on the basis of their ethnicity or religion. What is hap- pening in Xinjiang province is not, in any sense, a legitimate coun- terterrorism strategy. On the contrary, collective punishment of this ix
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