The War Inside: Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain PDF
Preview The War Inside: Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain
The War Inside TheWarInsideisagroundbreakinghistoryofthecontributionofBritish psychoanalysis to the making of social democracy, childhood, and the family during World War II and the postwar reconstruction. Psychoanalysts informed understandings not only of individuals, but also of broader political questions. By asserting a link between a real “war outside” and an emotional “war inside,” psychoanalysts contrib- utedtoanincreasedstateresponsibilityforcitizens’mentalhealth.They madeunderstandingchildrenandthemother–childrelationshipkeyto the successful creation of a democratic citizenry. Using rich archival sources, the book revises the common view of psychoanalysis as an elite discipline by taking it out of the clinic and into the war nursery, thejuvenilecourt,thestatewelfarecommittee,andthechildren’shos- pital.Ittracestheworkofthesecondgenerationofpsychoanalystsafter Freudinresponsetototalwarandexploresitsbroadpostwareffectson Britishsociety. michal shapira isAssistantProfessorofHistoryandGenderStudies at Tel Aviv University. Her research deals with the domestic, socio- cultural,crossnationalandimperiallegaciesofWorldWarIIinBritain andbeyond. StudiesintheSocialandCulturalHistoryofModernWarfare GeneralEditor JayWinter,YaleUniversity AdvisoryEditors DavidBlight,YaleUniversity RichardBosworth,UniversityofWesternAustralia PeterFritzsche,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign CarolGluck,ColumbiaUniversity BenedictKiernan,YaleUniversity AntoineProst,UniversitédeParis-Sorbonne RobertWohl,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles Inrecentyearsthefieldofmodernhistoryhasbeenenrichedbytheexplorationof twoparallelhistories.Thesearethesocialandculturalhistoryofarmedconflict,and theimpactofmilitaryeventsonsocialandculturalhistory. StudiesintheSocialandCulturalHistoryofModernWarfarepresentsthefruitsofthis growing area of research, reflecting both the colonization of military history by culturalhistoriansandthereciprocalinterestofmilitaryhistorians insocialand culturalhistory,tothebenefitofboth.Theseriesoffersthelatestscholarshipin Europeanandnon-Europeaneventsfromthe1850stothepresentday. Afulllistoftitlesintheseriescanbefoundat: www.cambridge.org/modernwarfare The War Inside Psychoanalysis, Total War, and the Making of the Democratic Self in Postwar Britain Michal Shapira UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107035133 ©MichalShapira2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintingintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Shapira,Michal,1975– Thewarinside:psychoanalysis,totalwar,andthemakingofthedemocratic selfinpostwarBritain/MichalShapira. pages cm.–(Studiesinthesocialandculturalhistoryofmodernwarfare) ISBN978-1-107-03513-3(hardback) 1. Psychology–History–GreatBritain. 2. Psychoanalysis– History. 3. GreatBritain–History–20thcentury. 4. Civiliansinwar–Trauma– GreatBritain. 5. Warvictims–Mentalhealth–GreatBritain. 6. WorldWar, 1939–1945–Children–GreatBritain. 7. WorldWar,1914–1918–Social andCulturalAspects–GreatBritain. 8. WorldWar,1939–1945–Social andCulturalAspects–GreatBritain. 9. PopularCulture–Great Britain–History–20thcentury. 10. Childhood–History–GreatBritain. I. Title. RC552.P67S424 2013 616.850212–dc23 2013000172 ISBN978-1-107-03513-3Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoInthispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. In memory of my relatives who were murdered by the Nazis in 1941–1942 in the area of Eastern Europe where the family had lived for centuries: my great-grandparents, Zelda Fenster (Sussman) (b. 1890, homemaker and farmer), Mayer Yacob Sussman (b. 1877 or 1880, merchant and farmer), and Faiga-Tzipora Just (b. 1871, homemaker); and my great-aunts, Toba (b. 1908, tailor), Eta (b. 1916 [or 1922], tailor), and Rachel Fenster (Sussman) (b. 1923), and Temma Tanenbaum (and her family) (b. 1896, homemaker). Contents Listofillustrations pageviii Acknowledgments x Introduction:thewarinside 1 1 Thepsychologicalstudyofanxiety:fromWorldWarI toWorldWarII 24 2 Underfire:childrenandpsychoanalystsintotalwar 48 3 TheHitlerinside:Kleinandherpatients 87 4 Psychoanalystsontheradioinwarandpeace:from collectivetodomesticcitizenship 112 5 Psychoanalyzingcrime:theISTD,1931–1945 138 6 Towardthetherapeuticstate:theISTDduringthe postwaryears,c.1945–1960 170 7 Hospitalizedchildren,separationanxiety,and motherlylove:psychoanalysisinpostwarBritain 198 Bibliography 239 Index 268 vii Illustrations Betweenpages148and149 1 London’sEastEndchildrenmadehomelessby Germanairraids,September1940(source: NationalArchives,photoNA306-NT-3163V). 2–4 Childrenshelteringfromairraids,eatingtogether, andtryingoutgasmasksatAnnaFreudandDorothy Burlingham’sHampsteadWarNurseriesinLondon (source:FreudMuseum,London;photographer WillyHoffer). 5 Childconcentration-campsurvivors,includingthe JewishorphansfromtheBulldogsBankproject, arrivebyplaneinBritain(source:WienerLibrary,London). 6 MelanieKleinwithherdaughterMelitta Schmideberg-Klein(andoneofMelanieKlein’ssons)(source: MelanieKleinTrustandWellcomeLibrary,London). 7 ArareimageofMelanieKleinandAnnaFreud togetherwithErnestJones(source:MelanieKleinTrust andWellcomeLibrary,London). 8 DonaldWinnicott’stalkswerebroadcastatatime whenBBCRadiohopedtoappealtomothersandchildren (source:BBCWrittenArchivesCentre;photographerWolf Suschitzky). 9 DonaldWinnicottinanalysiswithachild(source: MarshAgency,theArchivesoftheBPAS, andtheWellcomeLibrary,London). 10–11 Analyticmethodsinfluencedworkwithjuvenile delinquentsattheQCamps(source:thePlanned EnvironmentTherapyTrustArchiveandStudyCentre; JenniferSummerton). viii
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