The Visual Dictionary of the Earth PDF
Preview The Visual Dictionary of the Earth
S MINER \I. EYEWITNESS VISUAL DICTIONARIES THE VISUAL W W I I.1.1 I I OK\\(.K ( I I KIM ( 1 \\<) I KM III I ! DICTIONARY (.I.OliM \\ IM) SYSTEM of the //estetiies Polarjet stream STRl CTl RWE O OF OI \ \ ( STVLACJMI'I M isoss Digitized by the Internet Archive 2013 in http://archive.org/details/visualdictionaryOOmart EYEWITNESS VISUAL DICTIONARIES THE VISUAL DICTIONARY EARTH of the olcanicash / ACTIVE VOLCANO . CTURE OF A HURRICANE S RICH RE OF THE EAR I I II Descending Outward-spiralling Crust high-level winds Mantle Innercore GRAREN (RLOCK-FAULT) LAKE Rift valley Sinkinggraben (blockfault) LAVA SPRING Hater table Jointed, solidified Spring lava Stream Wall of cumulus 'Direction of Spiralling bands clouds storm path ofwind and rain FEATURES OF A COASTLINE Inlet Tributary, Estuarine Slumped mud-flat cliff Stack \rch Sea cave Sea-cliff" Sediment deposited bylongshore drift Estuary EYEWITNESS VISUAL DICTIONARIES THE VISUAL DICTIONARY Earth of the Stream Sink-hole Stalactite Stalagmite Pillar CAVE Headland Remnants offormer headland IK DOKUNG KINDERSLEY LONDON NEW YORK STUTTGART • • NORTH tisu j A DORUNG KINDERSLEY BOOK Project Art Editor Johnny Pai Designer Pai l Calver Project Editor Geoffrey Stalker Consultant Editor Martyn Bramwell Managing Art Editor Philip Gilderdale Senior Editor Martyn Page Managing Editor Rihi Miih;i,k> Photography Anna Hodgson, \\m Crawford Illustrations Colin Rose, John Temperton Production Jaynk Simpson Peak Water vapour Ridge forms clouds MOUNTAIN Rossby Rossby wave becomes Fullydeveloped wave. more developed Rossby wave. Hater evaporates FORMATION OF ROSSBY WAVE from sea IN THE JET STREAM Riverflows into sea Fikst Published in GreatBritain in 1993 by dorling kindersley limited, 9 HenriettaStreet, LondonWC2E8PS Copyright© 1993 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London Allrights reserved. No fartokthispublication may be keprodi oki),stoked in \ retrievalsystem, ortransmitted in any korm or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise,withoutthe priorwritten permission ofthecopyrightowner. a cipcatalogue record forthisbook isavailable fromthe british library ISBN 7513 1035 2 Reproduced byColourscan,Singapore Printed and bound by Arnoldo Mondadori, Verona, Italy t^L Earth rotation 's Satellik Contents Polar orbit ofsatellite Planet Earth 6 Calcite SATELLITE MAPPING Earth s Physical Features 8 OF THE EARTH Geological Time 10 Eartifs Crust 12 STALACTITE Precipitation Faults and Folds 14 Trunk falls on high ground Moi nt a n Building 16 Crack widened 1 bv tree root Volcanoes 18 The Rock Cycle 20 Minerals 22 Mineral Features 24 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 26 TREE HOOT ACTION Sedimentary Rocks 28 II(iter seeps Wind underground Fossils 30 andjlows to sea Mineral Resources 32 Surface Weathering and Erosion 34 current Caves 36 Glaciers 38 Branching Rivers 40 ribs River Features 42 Deep current Lakes and Groundwater 44 Coastlines 46 Oceans and Seas 48 PAVLOVIA The Ocean Floor EkMAN SPIRAL (AMMONITE MOLLUSC) 50 (NORTHERN EMISPI ERE) 11 I The Atmosphere 52 Caldera (volcanic Weather Ash Lava 54 crater) \x / Earth Data 56 Glossary 59 Index 60 Acknowledgments COMPOSITE VOLCANO 64 CALDER VOLCANO \ net Earth The earth is one of the nine planets that orbit the EARTH'S COORDINATE SYSTEM Sun, which itself is just one ofthe approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy - the Milky Way. Earth is Arctic Circle Geographic the only planet that is known to support life. It is (66' U N) Worth Pole able to do so because it is the right distance from Line of the Sun. If it were any nearer, conditions Tropic of. longitude would be too hot for life; any farther away Cancer and it would be too cold. In addition, the (23°30'N) Earth is the only planet known to have Equator liquid water in large quantities. Its Greenwich (0°) THE EARTH atmosphere helps to screen out some merididn (0°) of the harmful radiation from the Sun, and also shields the planet from impacts by meteorites. The Earth consists of four main ,layers: an i. nner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. At the Ironic of. Line of Capricorn latitude heart of the planet is the solid inner core, with a temperature of (23°30'S) about 4,000°C. The heat from the inner core causes material in the Geographic Intarctic molten outer core and mantle to circulate in convection currents. It is South Pole Circle thought that these convection currents generate the Earth's magnetic (66°32'S) field, which extends into space as the magnetosphere. EARTH'S PLACE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM Mercury (average Venus (average distancefrom Sun distancefrom Sun Jupiter(average 57,900,000 km) 108,200,000 km) distancefrom Sun 778,300,000 km) Saturn (average distancefrom Sun 1,427,000,000 km) Uranus (average distancefrom Sun 2,869,600,000 km) Pluto (average distancefrom Sun 5,900,000,000 km) Pari (overage 11 distancefrom Sun I t9,600,000 km)
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