The Visual Dictionary of Animal Kingdom

174 Pages·2009·19.288 MB·English

by  Ariane Archambault, Jean-Claude Corbeil

T H E V I S U A L
DICTIONARY OF
forewing cell
Appendage of flight attached Constituent element of a
to the central segment of the butterfly’s wing contained
thorax. between the wing veins.
A N I M A L
K I N G D O M
hind wing
Appendage of flight
attached to the terminal
segment of the thorax.
compound eye
Organ of vision made up
of thousands of facets that
perceive shapes, colors,
motion and distance.
labial palp
Sensory organ of the
mouth having mainly
olfactory and gustatory
functions.
proboscis
Mouthlike part allowing the butterfly
to feed through aspiration; the
proboscis folds back onto itself to
avoid interfering with flight.
foreleg
Articulated member attached to the
abdomen
first segment of the thorax and having
Posterior portion of the butterfly’s body
powerful sensory organs.
made up of 10 segments and containing
the major vital organs, such as the heart,
the intestines and the genital organs.
ANIMAL KINGDOM
Jean-Claude Corbeil
Ariane Archambault
QA INTERNATIONAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our deepest gratitude to the individuals, institutions, companies, and businesses that have provided us with the latest technical
documentation for use in preparing this dictionary.
Arcand, Denys (motion picture director); International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authority; Canadian Payments
Association (Charlie Clarke); Canadian Bankers Association (Lise Provost); Automobiles Citroën; Automobiles Peugeot; Bank of Canada (Lyse
Brousseau); Royal Bank of Canada (Raymond Chouinard, Francine Morel, Carole Trottier); Barrett Xplore inc.; Bazarin, Christine; Library of
Canadian Parliament (Information Services); Bibliothèque nationale du Québec (Jean-François Palomino); Bluechip Kennels (Olga Gagne);
Bombardier Aerospace; Bridgestone-Firestone; Brother (Canada); Canadian National; Casavant Frères ltée; C.O.J.O. ATHENS 2004 (International
Media Service); Centre Eaton de Montréal; Centre national du costume (Recherche et diffusion); Cetacean Society International (William R.
Rossiter); Chagnon, Daniel (architect D.E.S. - M.E.Q.); Cohen et Rubin Architectes (Maggy Cohen); Commission scolaire de Montréal (École St-
Henri); Hudson Bay Company (Nunzia Iavarone, Ron Oyama); Corporation d'hébergement du Québec (Céline Drolet); National Theatre School of
Canada (Library); Élevage Le Grand Saphir (Stéphane Ayotte); Atomic Energy of Canada; Eurocopter; Famous Players; Fédération bancaire
française (Védi Hékiman); Fontaine, PierreHenry (biologist); Future Shop; Garaga; Groupe Jean Coutu; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal;
Hôtel Inter-Continental; Hydro-Québec; I.P.I.Q. (Serge Bouchard); IGA Barcelo; International Entomological Society (Dr. Michael Geisthardt);
Irisbus; Jérôme, Danielle (O.D.); La Poste (Colette Gouts); Le Groupe Canam Manac inc.; Lévesque, Georges (urgentologist); Lévesque, Robert
(chief machinist); Manutan; Marriott SpringHill Suites; MATRA S.A.; Métro inc.; National Defence of Canada (Public Affairs); ministère de la
Défense, République Française; ministère de la Justice du Québec (Service de la gestion immobilière - Carol Sirois); ministère de l'Éducation du
Québec (Direction de l'équipement scolaire - Daniel Chagnon); Muse Productions (Annick Barbery); National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Nikon Canada inc.; Normand, Denis (telecommunications consultant); Office
de la langue française du Québec (Chantal Robinson); Paul Demers & Fils inc.; Phillips (France); Pratt & Whitney Canada inc.; Prévost Car inc.;
Radio Shack Canada ltée; Réno-Dépôt inc.; Robitaille, Jean-François (Department of Biology, Laurentian University); Rocking T Ranch and
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Canada; Sony du Canada ltée; Sûreté du Québec; Théâtre du Nouveau Monde; Transport Canada (Julie Poirier); Urgences-Santé (Éric Berry); Ville
de Longueuil (Direction de la Police); Ville de Montréal (Service de la prévention des incendies); Vimont Lexus Toyota; Volvo Bus Corporation;
Yamaha Motor Canada Ltd.
Animal Kingdom was created and produced by ISBN 978-2-7644-0879-7
QA International
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Version 3.5.1
EDITORIAL STAFF LAYOUT
Editor: Jacques Fortin Pascal Goyette
Authors: Jean-Claude Corbeil and Danielle Quinty
Ariane Archambault Émilie Corriveau
Editorial Director: François Fortin Preliminary layout:Émilie Bellemare
Editor-in-Chief: Anne Rouleau Sonia Charette
Graphic Designer: Anne Tremblay
DOCUMENTATION
PRODUCTION Gilles Vézina
Nathalie Fréchette Kathleen Wynd
Josée Gagnon Stéphane Batigne
Sylvain Robichaud
TERMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH Jessie Daigle
Jean Beaumont
Catherine Briand DATA MANAGEMENT
Nathalie Guillo Programmer: Éric Gagnon
Josée Gagnon
ENGLISH DEFINITIONS
Nancy Butchart REVISION
Rita Cloghesy Veronica Schami
Tom Donovan Jo Howard
Diana Halfpenny Marie-Nicole Cimon
John Woolfrey Liliane Michaud
Kathe Roth
PREPRESS
ILLUSTRATIONS Karine Lévesque
Artistic Direction: Jocelyn Gardner François Hénault
Jean-Yves Ahern Julien Brisebois
Rielle Lévesque Patrick Mercure
Alain Lemire
Mélanie Boivin
Yan Bohler
Claude Thivierge
Pascal Bilodeau
Michel Rouleau
Anouk Noël
Carl Pelletier
Raymond Martin
CONTRIBUTIONS
QA International wishes to extend a special thank you to the following people for their contribution to this book:
Jean-Louis Martin, Marc Lalumière, Jacques Perrault, Stéphane Roy, Alice Comtois, Michel Blais, Christiane Beauregard, Mamadou Togola,
Annie Maurice, Charles Campeau, Mivil Deschênes, Jonathan Jacques, Martin Lortie, Frédérick Simard, Yan Tremblay, Mathieu Blouin,
Sébastien Dallaire, Hoang Khanh Le, Martin Desrosiers, Nicolas Oroc, François Escalmel, Danièle Lemay, Pierre Savoie, Benoît Bourdeau,
Marie-Andrée Lemieux, Caroline Soucy, Yves Chabot, Anne-Marie Ouellette, Anne-Marie Villeneuve, Anne-Marie Brault, Nancy Lepage,
Daniel Provost, François Vézina, Guylaine Houle, Daniel Beaulieu, Sophie Pellerin, Tony O'Riley, Mac Thien Nguyen Hoang, Serge D'Amico.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
EDITORIAL POLICY DEFINITIONS
The Visual Dictionarytakes an inventory of the physical Within the hierarchical format of TheVisual Dictionary's
environment of a person who is part of today's technological age presentation, the definitions fit together like a Russian doll. For
and who knows and uses a large number of specialized terms in a example, the information within the definition for the term insect
wide variety of fields. at the top of the page does not have to be repeated for each of the
Designed for the general public, it responds to the needs of insects illustrated. Instead, the text concentrates on defining the
anyone seeking the precise, correct terms for a wide range of distinguishing characteristics of each insect (the louseis a
personal or professional reasons: finding an unknown term, parasite, the female yellow jacketstings, and so forth).
checking the meaning of a word, translation, advertising, teaching Since the definition leaves out what is obvious from the
material, etc. illustration, the illustrations and definitions complement one
The target user has guided the choice of contents for The Visual another.
Dictionary, which aims to bring together in 12 thematic books the The vast majority of the terms in the Visual Dictionaryare defined.
technical terms required to express the contemporary world, in the Terms are not defined when the illustration makes the meaning
specialized fields that shape our daily experience. absolutely clear, or when the illustration suggests the usual
meaning of the word (for example, the numerous handles).
STRUCTURE
METHODS OF CONSULTATION
Each tome has three sections: the preliminary pages, including the
table of contents; the body of the text (i.e. the detailed treatment Users may gain access to the contents of The Visual Dictionaryin
of the theme); the index. a variety of ways:
Information is presented moving from the most abstract to the • From the TABLE OF CONTENTS at the end of the preliminary
most concrete: sub-theme, title, subtitle, illustration, terminology. pages, the user can locate by title the section that is of interest.
• With the INDEX, the user can consult The Visual Dictionaryfrom
TERMINOLOGY a word, so as to see what it corresponds to, or to verify accuracy
by examining the illustration that depicts it.
Each word in The Visual Dictionaryhas been carefully selected
• The most original aspect of The Visual Dictionaryis the fact that
following examination of high-quality documentation, at the
the illustrations enable the user to find a word even if he or she
required level of specialization.
only has a vague idea of what it is. The dictionary is unique in this
There may be cases where different terms are used to name the feature, as consultation of any other dictionary requires the user
same item. In such instances, the word most frequently used by first to know the word.
the most highly regarded authors has been chosen.
Words are usually referred to in the singular, even if the illustration
shows a number of individual examples. The word designates the
concept, not the actual illustration.
4
TITLE TERM
Its definition is found below. If the title refers to Each term appears in the index
information that continues over several pages, with a reference to the pages on
after the first page it is shown in a shaded tone which it appears.
with no definition.
SUB-THEME
DEFINITION
These are shown at the end of the
It explains the inherent qualities, function, or preliminary pages along with their
characteristics of the element depicted in the definitions. They are then repeated on
illustration. each page of a section, but without the
definition.
CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS
cat cat
Carnivorous mammal with a supple muscular body and paws ending in retractable claws; it is a very common pet.
cat’s head morphology of a cat
Anterior portion of the body containing
the main sensory organs and the brain.
eCnetenrtsr;a li to ips epnairntgic uolfa trhley ewyeel lw ahdteharpeep t deluidagpr htkiol.t Hapierasyr etiimlcidlpe plsar nfertvoeeemdyn e otlilannan gstdh hdieneu gfssr teo ean ne tddh goee teh oyeefr .the iOnrdtgeanarnksni toeyf,s smsi;g oihtt itmo enas ipannelycd i pacleelryrct aaeidinva ecpsot elleoidgyr htseot. eHchoaiiggnrhhtrllyiyb dumetiovnebglio lteop o eedrqg usaeinlni bosrfe i huoemfa h;r eicnaagrtis,n ahglas.voe a
Highalby osveen sthiteiv eey leosn agn sdt ihffa hvainiwrgsf hu alnio stccaktacieottiernlsde. proTveirdminign aelq aupilpibenriduamg ew ohfe tnh jetuh mbeo tpcadsaiyl.t
Thin muscular memburapnpee lro weyeerilnidg
from the upper edge of the eye to
protect and clean it.
Thin muscular memlobwraenre ethyaetl iids
translucent and movable; it rises from
the lower edge of the eye to protect and
cleanse it.
Thin musculnairc mtiteamtibnrga nme eemxtebnrdainneg
sideways from the inside corner of the
eye to protect and moisten it.
Extremely sensitive longw shtififs hkaeirrss
(vibrissae) located on the muzzle
having a tactile function.
Terminal end of the muzznleo bseea lreinagth theer
nostrils made of strong damp tissue; it
has an olfactory and respiratory
function.
Movable muscular part forming tlhipe mSwtahhcuoitsizrlktez e lraeornsu;dn i dto h lffraaoscn taot rhpyia gfruht nolycf tdtihoeevn e.hleoapde dwith maanHidna itpra riconovinvidegir niinnggt ep rtrhnfoeuat elrb cbotoidodyny, mftreoamminp leiynr afsoteurcrte
contour of the mouth; a cat has two bites.
upper lips lined with whiskers.
140 141
ILLUSTRATION
It is an integral part of the
visual definition for each of
the terms that refer to it.
NARROW LINES
These link the word to the item indicated. Where too many
lines would make reading difficult, they have been replaced
by color codes with captions or, in rare cases, by numbers.
5
C O N T E N T S
8 EVOLUTION OF LIFE 66 AMPHIBIANS
8 Origin and evolution of species 66 Frog
73 Examples of amphibians
10 SIMPLE ORGANISMS AND ECHINODERMS
10 Animal cell 74 REPTILES
12 Unicellulars 74 Dinosaurs
14 Sponge 76 Snake
15 Echinoderms 78 Turtle
81 Examples of reptiles
18 INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS
18 Butterfly 84 BIRDS
24 Honeybee 84 Bird
35 Examples of insects 97 Examples of birds
39 Examples of arachnids
40 Spider 106 INSECTIVOROUS MAMMALS
106Mole
44 MOLLUSKS 108Examples of insectivorous mammals
44 Snail
48 Univalve shell 109 RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS
49 Bivalve shell
109Rodent
52 Octopus
112Examples of rodents
114Rodent’s and lagomorph’s jaws
56 CRUSTACEANS 116Examples of lagomorphs
56 Lobster
117 UNGULATE MAMMALS
60 FISHES 117Horse
60 Cartilaginous fish 127Examples of hoofs
62 Bony fish 128Examples of ungulate mammals
6
133 CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS
133Dog
138Dog breeds
140Cat
143Cat breeds
144Examples of carnivorous mammals
149 MARINE MAMMALS
149Examples of marine mammals
152Dolphin
156 PRIMATE MAMMALS
156Gorilla
158Examples of primates
160 MARSUPIAL MAMMALS
160Kangaroo
163Examples of marsupials
164 FLYING MAMMAL
164Bat
168Examples of bats
169 INDEX
7
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
origin and evolution of species
Since its formation some 4.6 billion years ago, the Earth has witnessed the genesis of continents and oceans
and the appearance of animals and vegetation.
cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae, among the first living Precambrian
microscopic organisms to appear on The oldest and longest geological era,
Earth. marked by the formation of continents
and the appearance of ocean life.
ferns
These plants developed by the water’s
archaeognatha edge. Consisting of roots, a stem and
The oldest known insect fossil; it was leaves, they could reach the height of
wingless and had long antennae. present-day trees.
Ordovician Carboniferous
Geological period marked by the appearance of Geological period marked by the
the first vertebrates and new marine appearance of reptiles and winged
invertebrates. Corals, sponges and mollusks insects. Plants (ferns, cereals) continued
were especially abundant. evolving.
Cambrian Silurian Devonian
Geological period marked by the evolution of Geological period marked by the Geological period marked by the
animals (appearance of mollusks, appearance of fish with jaws and the appearance of amphibians, insects and the
crustaceans) and the extinction of half of the first land plants. first land animals. This period saw the
marine invertebrates. proliferation of fish and plants.
8
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
origin and evolution of species
flowering plants
Appearing at the end of the Jurassic
period, these plant species diversified
widely over time; today, they form the
largest group of plants on Earth.
megazostrodon
About the size of a mouse, one of the
first mammals to appear on Earth was a homo sapiens sapiens
mainly nocturnal insectivore. proconsul The representative of the first modern
Large primate fossil, thought to be the man appeared about 100,000 years
ancestor of the chimpanzee. ago.
archaeopteryx
Animal fossil capable of flight; it had
certain characteristics of a reptile (claws,
teeth, long bony tail) and others of a bird
(wings, feathers).
Quaternary
The most recent geological period in
the Earth’s history; it is marked by
glaciations and the appearance of
modern humans.
Tertiary
Period marked by the diversification and
dominance of mammals (appearance of
horses, whales and others). First primates
also appeared.
Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous
Geological period marked by the Geological period during which the This period was marked by the
breaking apart of the great dinosaurs ruled the world. The Atlantic extinction of 75% of plant and animal
protocontinent, the formation of today’s Ocean was formed at this time. species, including the dinosaurs.
continents and the appearance of
mammals.
Permian
Geological period marked by the
predominance of reptiles and amphibians. The
continental mass now formed into a great
protocontinent: Pangea.
9