The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals

430 Pages·1979·25.15 MB·English

by  Richard Nickel

The Viscera of the
Domestic Mammals
R.Nickel· A.Schummer · E.Seiferle
The Viscera of the
Domestic Mammals
Second revised edition
by August Schummer, Richard Nickel
and Wolfgang Otto Sack
With 559 illustrations, some in color, in the text and on 13 plates
1979
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1979
This work is an authorized translation and revision of R. NICKEL, A. SCHUMMER, E. SEIFERLE, (Ed.), Lehrbuch der Anatomie der
Haustiere (Textbook of the Anatomy of Domestic Animals), Volume II: Eingeweide (The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals) by A.
SCHUMMER and R. NICKEL, 4th Edition, © 1979. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, Germany.
RICHARD NICKEL t, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Anatomy, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover,
D-3000 Hannover, Germany
AUGUST SCHUMMER t, Dr. med. vet., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet
Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Germany
EUGEN SEIFERLE, Dr. med. vet., Dr. med. veto h.c., Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Universitaet Zu
rich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
WOLFGANG OTIO SACK, D.V.M., Ph. D., Dr. med. vet., Professor of Anatomy, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell Uni
versity, Ithaca, N.Y. 14850 USA.
Synopsis of the English edition: Textbook of the Anatomy of the Domestic Animals
Volume 1: Locomotor System of the Domestic Mammals. By R. NICKEL, A. SCHUMMER, E. SEIFERLE, J. FREWEIN and K.-H. WILLE.
Translation from the German. Approx. 560 pages, with about 517 illustrations in the text and on Il colour plates. In preparation.
Volume II: The Viscera of the Domestic Mammals. By A. SCHUMMER, R. NICKEL and W. O. SACK. 2nd revised edition. Translated
and revised from the 4th German edition. 1979. 446 pages, with a total of 559 illustrations in the text and on 13 colour plates.
Volume III: Circulatory System, Skin and Skin Organs of the Domestic Mammals. By A. SCHUMMER, H. WILKENS, B. VOLLMERHAUS
and K.-H. HABERMEHL. Translated from the German by W. G. SILLER and P. L. A. Wight. 1980. Approx. 662 pages, with a total of
about 439 illustrations, about 172 in colour. In preparation.
Volume IV: Nervous System, Sensory Organs, Endocrine Glands of the Domestic Mammals. By E. SEIFERLE. Translation from the
German. Approx. 442 pages, with a total of about 250 illustrations, about 95 in colour, in the text and on 10 colour plates. In prepara
tlon.
Volume V: Anatomy of the Domestic Birds. By A. SCHUMMER. Translated from the German by W. G. SILLER and P. A. L. WIGHT.
1977. 214 pages, with 141 illustrations in the text and on 7 colour plates.
Synopsis of the German edition: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere
Volume 1: Bewegungsapparat. By R. NICKEL, A. SCHUMMER, E. SEIFERLE, J. FREWEIN and K.-H. WILLE. 4th revised edition. 1977.
560 pages, with a total of 517 illustrations in the text and on II colour plates.
Volume II: Eingeweide. By A. SCHUMMER and R. NICKEL. 4th edition. 1979.446 pages, with a total of 559 illustrations in the text and
on 13 colour plates.
Volume III: Kreislaufsystem, Haut und Hautorgane. By A. SCHUMMER, H. WILKENS, B. VOLLMERHAUS and K.-H. HABERMEHL.
1976. 662 pages, with a total of 439 illustrations, 172 in colour.
Volume IV: Nervensystem, Sinnesorgane, Endokrine Driisen. By E. SEIFERLE. 1975.442 pages, with a total of 250 illustrations, 95 in
colour in the text and on 10 colour plates.
Volume V: Anatomie der Hausvogel. By A. SCHUMMER. 1973. 215 pages, with a total of 141 illustrations in the text and on 7 colour
plates.
CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek 1s t. Ed. 1973
ISBN 978-1-4757-6816-9
Nickel, Richard:
The viscera of the dom estic mammals / R. Nickel ;
A. Schummer ; E. Seiferle. Transl. and revision by
Wolfgang Otto Sack. - 2., rev. ed. / by August
Schummer and Richard Nickel.
Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Nickel, Richard: Lehrhuch der
Anatomie der Haustiere. Bd. 2. Eingeweide.
ISBN 978-1-4757-6816-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-6814-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6814-5
NE: Schummer, August:; Seiferle, Eugen:
This work is subject to copyright. AU rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those
rights of translation, reprinting re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar
means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54,1 of the German Copyright Law where single copies are made for other than privat use,
a fee is payable to the publisher according to § 54,2 of the German Copyright Law. The amount of the fee is to be determined by
agreement with the publisher.
© 1973, 1979 by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Originally published by Springer-Verlag in 1979
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1979
ISBN 978-1-4757-6816-9
Dedicated with Admiration and Gratitude to
PAUL MARTIN
PAUL MARTIN (1861-1937), Professor, Dr. med. vet., Dr. phil. h.c., Dr. med. vet. h.c.
Veterinary Anatomist from 1886 to 1901 in Zurich, and from 1901 to 1928 in Giessen
Preface to the Second English Edition
Since the publication of this book in 1973, its principal author, Professor AuGUST
ScHUMMER, former Head of the Veterinary Anatomy Department, Justus Liebig-Universitat,
Giessen, West Germany, has passed away. Over the years an amiable understanding as between
colleagues dedicated to the same scientific discipline developed between us. This was
especially true during the years when I was translating this volume, which was perhaps his
most cherished work. This understanding seems to have been flavored with paternal feelings
on his part. The loss of this man, whose advice was often sought and whose help was freely
given, and of this kind of friendship is deeply regretted by the writer, as it is by many
others who knew him well.
During the last six years the remaining two volumes of the originally planned five-volume
set of the Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere (Textbook of the Anatomy of the Domestic
Animals) was published. Volume V (Anatomy of the Domestic Birds) - also principally
ScHUMMER's contribution - has since 1977 been available in English. An English edition
of Volume III (Circulatory System and Integument) will be published next year. Volumes I
and IV (Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems) will follow in due course.
The second edition of this translation, in addition to numerous editorial, typographical
and some nomenclatorial corrections, includes two substantive changes. A section on the
erection of the ruminant penis has been added, and the pathways by which the spermatozoa
leave the testis for the ducts in the epididymis have been clarified.
The writer is grateful, particularly to Professor RoBERT HABEL, former Head of the
Veterinary Anatomy Department at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine,
Cornell University; to his colleagues in the same department; and to the many reviewers of
the first edition for their valuable suggestions, all of which have been considered in the
revision of this book for the second edition.
In keeping with the goal of providing as complete and as modern a gross-anatomical
bibliography as possible, about fifty recent references to the veterinary anatomical and
appropriate clinical literature have been added.
Ithaca, New York, January 1979 w. 0. SACK
Preface to the First English Edition
Soon after the first two volumes of the Lehrbuch der A natomie der H austiere by
R. NICKEL, A. ScHOMMER, and E. SEIFERLE were published in German, inquiries were made
by persons in various countries about the possibility of having this textbook translated into
other languages. Therefore, the publisher decided to produce an English edition limited at
first to Volume II.
The concept and plan of the original German work by AUGUST ScHUMMER and the late
RICHARD NICKEL has been preserved in this translation, and what was said in the prefaces
to the first and second German editions about the purpose and. scope of the book applies
VIII Preface
equally to this first English edition. The work deals with the body cavities, digestive system
and teeth, spleen, and with the respiratory and urogenital systems of the dog, cat, pig, ox,
sheep, goat, and horse. Each organ system is described in a general and comparative chapter,
which is followed by shorter special chapters for the carnivores, pig, ruminants, and horse.
In agreement with the original authors, substantive changes were made in several
instances to take into account the results of recent research and to eliminate conflicts
between views commonly held by German anatomists and those outside of Europe, but
foremost to profit by the advances in Nomina anatomica veterinaria* (NAV), a uniform
international nomenclature, which came into existence while this translation was in progress.
This nomenclature lists a single, usually descriptive term for homologous structures in all
domestic mammals, and wherever possible for the same structure in man; and thus has the
potential of simplifying student instruction and promoting interdisciplinary understanding.
The work of the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature in many
instances included re-evaluations of existing anatomical concepts; and it was these that
necessitated most of the changes in the present work.
The nomenclature conforms, with very few exceptions, to the second edition of the NAV .
In keeping with the textbook character of the present work, most of the official Latin terms
have been translated to accepted English equivalents. Only where the Latin differed greatly
from the English, or where it enhanced understanding, has the official term been added
parenthetically.
In this edition, a bibliography has been added at the end of each of the major sections, and
an attempt has been made to compile citations of the more recent studies dealing with the
gross anatomy of the viscera of the domestic mammals. Dr. K. H. WILLE of the Department of
Veterinary Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen has gathered most of the predo
minantly German references.
The work on the English edition was begun at the Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada, and completed at the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York. At the latter institution generous financial support was received for the
project through Dr. G. C. PoPPENSIEK, Dean of the Veterinary Faculty, from the General
Research Support Grant of the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare. This made it possible to defray typing and editorial expenses and to
obtain the valuable assistance of Mrs. ANTOINETTE M. WILKINSON, Ph.D., who greatly
enhanced the idiomatic quality of the manuscript.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the interest and continuous support given this project by
Prof. RoBERT E. HABEL, Head of the Department of Anatomy, New York State Veterinary
College, and the friendly help received from the other members of his department. Thanks are
due to Prof. STEPHEN J. RoBERTS, former Chairman of the Department of Large Animal
Medicine, Obstetrics and Surgery, New York State Veterinary College, for his advice, often
sought, on clinical questions; to Prof. C.]. G. WENSING, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine at the University in Utrecht, Holland, for reading and commenting on
the section on the Descent of the Testis and for contributing a figure; and to the many
persons who in the past several years helped with typing, editing, and proof reading.
The PAUL PAREY Publishing Company, particularly its co-owner Dr. FRIEDRICH GEORGI,
is to be commended for undertaking to publish this English edition, and for its traditionally
excellent and careful production.
It is hoped that this work will be as well received as the original German edition, and that
it will contribute to filling the need for a modern, comprehensive textbook of Veterinary
Anatomy.
Ithaca, New York, January 1973 W. 0. SACK
* Schaller, 0., R. E. Habel and J. Frewein, Editors. Nomina anatomica veterinaria, 2nd. ed. Vienna,
International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature, 1972.
Preface to the Second German Edition
The favorable reception given again the second volume of our Textbook of the Anatomy
of Domestic Animals and the need for a second edition of this volume after the relatively
short interval of six years, strengthens our conviction that we have produced a book useful
especially to students of veterinary medicine.
The second edition differs from the first only in that minor corrections were made in the
text and in some references to figures. In this connection we thank Dr. W. 0. SACK,
Associate Professor, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University, for his valuable
suggestions. We also thank Dr. K. H. WILLE, Assistant at the Department of Veterinary
Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, for his suggestions and technical assistance
during the preparation of the manuscript for this edition.
No changes have been made in nomenclature*. It was decided to delay such a revision until
the work of the International Commission on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature is
completed and full agreement has been reached on the terms to be used in the future.
Unfortunately, our friend and colleague, RICHARD NICKEL, did not live to see the new
edition of the second volume which he helped to write with much enthusiasm and great skill.
Again, sincere thanks are due to the PAUL PAREY Publishing Company for their excellent
production of this edition of the second volume. We hope this book serves the purpose intended
by the authors and meets the needs of the readers.
Zurich and Giessen, April 1967
EuGEN SEIFERLE AuGUST ScHUMMER
'' In the present first English edition the nomenclature conforms to the NAV (See also footnote to
Preface to the First English Edition).
Preface to the First German Edition
The second volume of our Textbook of the Anatomy of Domestic Animals follows
the first volume after a longer interval than anticipated, because of the extremely time
consuming preparation, especially in connection with the illustrations, and the ever
increasing administrative burdens of the authors.
As announced in the preface to the first volume, this volume, which is written by
A. ScHUMMER and R. NICKEL, deals with the viscera of the digestive, respiratory and
urogenital systems. In keeping with the basic plan of the work, each organ system and its
principal functions are described first in a general and comparative chapter, followed by
more detailed descriptions in shorter special chapters for the carnivores, pig, ruminants, and
horse. The viscera are given especially extensive treatment, both in text and illustrations,
because an accurate knowledge of the viscera of domestic mammals is fundamental to all
branches of Veterinary Medicine.
For good reason, an anatomy textbook is judged also by the quality and instructiveness of
its illustrations. The 480 new illustrations presented here, many of which were carefully
selected to show topographical relationships, are testimony to the skill and perception of our
medical artists Miss VALERIE GuBE of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus Liebig
Universitaet Giessen, and WALTER HEINEMANN and GERHARD KAPITZKE of the Department of
Anatomy, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover. We are also grateful to Dr. DIETMAR
HEGNER for drawing several illustrations.
We thank especially our faithful co-workers Dr. BERND VoLLMERHAUS, assistant at the
Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, and Dr. HELMUT
WILKENS, prosector at the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Tierarztliche Hochschule
Hannover, who with great skill saw to the labeling of the illustrations, prepared the legends,
and helped in many ways with the preparation of the manuscript. We are indebted to
Dr. habil. KARLHEINZ HABERMEHL, Dr. KLAUS LoEFFLER, Dr. RuDOLF ScHWARZ, and
HEINZ KoLBE for their assistance in reading the proofs.
Sincere thanks are due to the PAUL PAREY Publishing Company, especially to Mr. FRIEDRICH
GEOGRI, co-owner of the company, for his interest in the work, his understanding of the authors'
intentions, and for the personal attention to this volume also, giving it their traditionally
excellent and careful production.
We hope that the second volume of the Textbook of the Anatomy of Domestic Animals will
find as wide acceptance as the first.
Zurich, Hannover, and Giessen, in the Fall of 1959.
EuGEN SEIFERLE RICHARD NICKEL AuGUST ScHUMMER
Contents
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . 1
Body Cavities . . . . . . . 2
Thoracic Cavity and Pleura. 4
Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity, and Peritoneum. 6
Omenta and Mesenteries . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Peritoneal Folds Associated with the Urogenital Organs 17
Bibliography: Body Cavities, Omenta, and Mesenteries. . 18
Digestive System
Mouth and Pharynx, General and Comparative . 21
Oral Cavity. 21
Lips .. 23
Cheeks .. 25
Gums .. 25
Hard Palate 25
Tongue 27
Lingual Muscles . 31
Hyoid Muscles . 32
Sublingual Floor of Oral Cavity . 36
Salivary Glands . . . 39
Parotid Gland 41
Mandibular Gland . 44
Sublingual Glands . 44
Pharynx ..... . 44
Soft Palate . . . . 52
Lymphatic Organs of the Pharynx (Tonsils) 52
Deglutition . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Mouth and Pharynx of the Carnivores 57
Oral Cavity. . . 57
Salivary Glands . 58
Pharynx .... 59
Tonsils. . . . 60
Mouth and Pharynx of the Pig 60
Oral Cavity. . . 60
Salivary Glands . 62
Pharynx ... . 62
Tonsils ... . 63
Mouth and Pharynx of the Ruminants . 64
Oral Cavity. . . 64
Salivary Glands . 66
Pharynx .... 68
Tonsils. . . . 69
Mouth and Pharynx of the Horse 69
Oral Cavity. . . 69
Salivary Glands . 71
Pharynx ... . 73
Tonsils ... . 73
Bibliography: Mouth and Pharynx 74