The Vestibular System: Function and Morphology

552 Pages·1981·37.259 MB·English

by  H. Engström, B. Engström (auth.), Torquato Gualtierotti (eds.)

The
Vestibular
System:
Function
and
Morphology
The
Vestibular
System:
Function
and
Morphology
Edited by
Torquato Gualtierotti
Head, Institute of Human Physiology
University of Milan Medical School
Milan, Italy
SPRINGER-VERLAG
New York Heidelberg Berlin
Torquato GuaJtierotti
Institute of Human Physiology
University of Milan Medical School. Italy
Publication of this book was made possible.
in part. by a contribution from the Institute
of Human Physiology. Milan. Italy
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The Vestibular System: Function and Morphology
"From the Society for Neuroscience. 8th annual meeting
satellite symposium. cosponsored by NASA and the
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine."
Includes index
I. Vestibular apparatus-Congresses.
I. Gualtierotti. Torquato. I I. Society for Neuroscience.
DNLM: I. Vestibular apparatus- Anatomy and histology
Congresses. 2. Vestibular apparatus-Physiology-Congresses.
WV 255 S679v 1981
QP471.V46 559.01'825 80-28212
© 1981 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1981
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated
or reproduced in any form without written permission from
Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010.
U.S.A.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks,
etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially
identified. is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as
understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Act, may
accordingly be used freely by anyone.
987654321
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5904-6 e-ISBN:13: 978-1-4612-5902-2
001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5902-2
Contents
Preface
PART 1 MORPHOLOGY
I. The Structure of the Vestibular Sensory Epithelia 3
H. Engstrom and B. Engstrom
2. The Afferent and Efferent Vestibular Pathways:
Morphologic Aspects 38
R.R. Gacek
3. Otolith Organ Receptor Morphology in Herring-like Fishes 64
C. Platt and A.N. Popper
4. Is the Growth of the Otolith Controlled by Its Weight? 77
H.C. Howland and J. Ballarino
5. Morphologic Observations of Human Otoconial Membranes 88
C.G. Wright and D.G. Hubbard
6. Vestibular Nuclei: Neuronal Loss in Mice with Otoconial Agenesis
and Evidence of Right-Left Asymmetry 101
G.M. Clark, R.J. Douglas, L.C. Erway, and D.G. Hubbard
7. Central Projections to the Vestibular Nuclei From the
Subparafascicular Region of the Rabbit 120
N.H. Barmack, C.K. Henkel, and V.E. Pettorossi
8. Vestibular Projections to the Monkey Thalamus and Rostral
Mesencephalon: An Autoradiographic Study 130
J.A. Buttner-Ennever and W. Lang
9. Ionic Mechanisms in the Vestibular Apparatus: The Resting
State 144
H. Bracho, R. Budelli, and F. Galey
10. Centrally Originating Efferent Terminals on Hair Cells: Fact or
Fancy? 160
M.D. Ross
PART 2 MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTION
INTERRELATIONSHIP
II. Thick and Thin Mammalian Vestibular Axons:
Afferent and Efferent Response Characteristics 187
J .M. Goldberg
12. Semicircular Canal Morphology and Function in Crabs
P.J. Fraser
vi Contents
PART 3 VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
13. Functional Characteristics of Central Vestibular Neurons 227
W. Precht
14. The Influence of Duct and Utricular Morphology on Semicircular
Canal Response 251
C.M. Oman
15. Mechanical Properties of Sensory Hairs in the Semicircular Canal
Crista 275
A. Flock
16. A Species Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Transfer Charac-
teristics of Primary Afferents Innervating the Semicircular Canal 280
M.J. Correia. J.P. Landolt, M.-D. Ni, A.R. Eden, and J.L. Rae
17. The Origin and Functional Significance of the Resting Activity and
Peripheral Adaptation in the Vestibular System 317
O. Lowenstein
I 8. Variability of the Spontaneous Firing Rate of Vestibular
Receptors in a Stable, Controlled
Bullfrog Preparation 329
F. Bracchi, T. Gualtierotti, and A. Morabito
19. The Comparative Sensitivity of Selected Receptor Systems 337
S. Khanna and C. Sherrick
20. Horizontal Canal Afferent Dynamics Measured Using White Noise
and Cross Spectral Analysis 349
D.P. O'Leary, D.L. Tomko, and R.J. Peterka
21. Analysis of Horizontal Canal Afferent Dynamics
Using White Noise and Sinusoids in the Barbiturate-
Anesthetized Cat 356
D.L. Tomko, D.P. O'Leary, and R.J. Peterka
22. The Response of Primary Semicircular Canal Neurons to Angular
Accelerations of Varying Magnitude 367
I.S. Curthoys
23. Dynamic Properties from Utricular Afferents 374
R. Budelli and O. Macadar
PART 4 VISUAL-VESTIBULAR INTERACTIONS
24. Visual and Vestibular Influences in Human Self-Motion Percep
tion 393
L.R. Young
25. Vestibular Neuron Response Alteration with Repeated Angular
Acceleration 425
P. Kileny, B.F. McCabe, J.n. Ryu, and P.J. Abbas
Contents vii
26. Responses of Neurons in the Vestibular Nuclei of Awake Squirrel
Monkeys During Linear Acceleration 443
A.A. Perachio
27. Visual Modulation of Otolith Responses: A Paradigm for the
Study of Self-Motion Perception and Its Neural Substrate 452
N.G. Daunton, C.A. Christensen, and D.D. Thomsen
28. Cerebellectomy in Goldfish Prevents Adaptive Gain Control of the
VOR without Affecting the Optokinetic System 463
J.O. Schairer and M.V.L. Bennett
29. Vestibular Nuclei Activity and Nystagmus in the Alert
Monkey and Their Relation to Optokinetic and
Vestibular Stimulation 478
V. Biittner, V.W. Buettner, and V. Henn
30. The Influences of Head Orientation and Bilateral
Semicircular Canal Plugs upon the Vertical
Vestibuloocular Reflex of the Rabbit 491
N.H. Barmack and V.E. Pettorossi
31. Ewald's Second Law of Labyrinthine Function
and the Vestibuloocular Reflex 509
V. Honrubia, Y.S. Kim, H.A. Jenkins, C.G.Y. Lau,
and R.W. Baloh
32. A Model for Visual-Vestibular Interaction 525
C.G.Y. Lau, V. Honrubia, and R.W. Baloh
Index 535
Preface
Vestibular physiology has acquired new interest in the past few years. The
development of fast aircraft, beginning during the Second World War and
continuing through modern supersonic jets and space travel, has increased
dramatically the acceleration range to which man is subjected, from
prolonged weightlessness to several gs. The labyrinth measures all kinds of
acceleration, including gravity. and therefore has taken on particular impor
tance in the study of human health in the Space Age. It is understandable.
then, that NASA sponsored the Symposium on Vestibular Function and
Morphology. a satellite of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of
Neuroscience. held October 30-November 1. 1978, at the University of
Pittsburgh, which also supported the symposium. The present volume was
developed from papers originally presented there.
My strategy in editing this book has been to focus upon the vestibular end
organ and its direct connections. both peripheral and central, in order to as
sure a coherent discussion of the basics of vestibular function, structure, and
ultrastructure. Fortunately, it was possible to secure the contributions of a
number of outstanding investigators from both the United States and
abroad, including functionally oriented morphologists. ultrastructuralists,
biophysicists, and vestibular physiologists. The result is a comprehensive
discussion of the main mechanisms of the labyrinth: the transduction pro
cess at the receptor level, in the semicircular canals, and in the utricular and
saccular maculae; the information transfer through neuronal pathways to the
nuclei and the cerebellum; and the general organization of the system.
Special attention has been given to efferent control. still poorly under
stood in its function but clearly described here as far as its structure and con
nections with the central nervous system are concerned. In this respect
some provocative thoughts were presented, even challenging the existence
of centrally originated terminals on the hair cells. The lively discussions
reported here indicate the special interest of this subject.
A number of contributions have been included dealing with the vestibulo
ocular reflexes. This subject is particularly important, not only because of
the scientific problems involved, but also because it makes available impor
tant techniques for studying vestibular function in man.
Many problems remain unsolved. An acceptable general model of the lab
yrinth has yet to come. The characteristics, function, and specific activity of
the vestibular efferent system are still unclear. In the future, we can look
forward to new techniques that will allow further exploration of vestibular
structure and function, such as recording the activity of single vestibular
units for periods of days or weeks. Such a development would add a new
dimension to our understanding of very slow changes, such as the long-term
effects of weightlessness and the circadian rhythm.
x Preface
This volume reviews and updates current understanding of the vestibular
system. Unfortunately. debate on how to proceed with basic research pro
grams. particularly the most important ones sponsored by NASA. has been
so divisive that crucial momentum has been lost. While it may not be possi
ble to establish a consensus in the near future, if this book sustains and rein
vigorates study in this field. its purpose will have been served.
Torquato Gualtierotti
Contri butors
P.J. Abbas. Department of Speech Pa Robert J. Douglas. Department of Psy
thology and Audiology.University of chology. University of Washington.
Iowa. Iowa City. Iowa Seattle. Washington
Joanne Ballarino. Section of Neurobi A.R. Eden, Department of Otolaryn
ologyand Behavior. Cornell Universi gology, University of Texas Medical
ty. Ithaca. New York Branch, Galveston, Texas
Robert W. Baloh. Department of Neu Hans Engstrom. Department of Oto
rology. UCLA School of Medicine. laryngology. Academy Hospital. Uni
Los Angeles. California versity of Uppsala. Uppsala. Sweden
Neal H. Barmack. Neurological Scien B. Engstrom, Department of Oto
ces Institute. Portland. Oregon laryngology, Academy Hospital, Uni
Michael V.L. Bennett. Department of versity of Uppsala. Uppsala, Sweden
Neuroscience. Albert Einstein Col Lawrence C. Erway. The University of
lege of Medicine. New York. New Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Ohio
York Ake Flock. Department of Psychology
F. Bracchi. Institute of Human Physiol II. Karolinska Institute. Stockholm.
ogy. University of Milan Medical Sweden
School. Milan. Italy Peter J. Fraser. Zoology Department.
Humbert Bracho. Doheny Eye Founda Aberdeen University. Aberdeen.
tion. Los Angeles. California Scotland
Ruben BudelIi, Instituto Nacional de Richard R. Gacek. Department of Oto
Neurologia y Neurocirugia, Mexico laryngology. Upstate Medical Center.
City, Mexico Syracuse. New York
U.W. Buettner. Department of Neurolo Frank Galey. Doheny Eye Foundation.
gy. University of Zurich. Zurich. Swit Los Angeles, California
zerland Jay M. Goldberg. Department of Phar
J.A. Btittner-Ennever. Brain Research macology and Physiological Sciences.
Institute. University of Zurich. Swit University of Chicago, Chicago, Illi
zerland nois
U. Btittner. Department of Neurology. Torquato Gualtierotti, Institute of
University of Zurich. Zurich. Swit Human Physiology, University of
zerland Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
Carol A. Christensen. Department of V. Henn, Department of Neurology.
Psychology. Vassar College. Pough University of Zurich. Zurich, Swit
keepsie. New York zerland
Geoffrey M. Clark. Department of Psy Craig K. Henkel, Department of Anato
chology. University of Washington. my, Bowman Gray School of Medi
Seattle. Washington cine, Winston-Salem. North Carolina
Manning J. Correia. Department of Oto Vincente Honrubia, Division of Head
laryngology. University of Texas and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of
Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Ian S. Curthoys, Department of Neurol Howard C. Howland, Section of Neuro-
ogy. School of Medicine, University biology and Behavior, Cornell Univer
of Sydney. Sydney. Australia sity, Ithaca, New York
Nancy G. Daunton, NASA-Ames Re David G. Hubbard, Aberrant Behavior
search Center. Moffett Field, Califor Center. Dallas. Texas
nia Herman A. Jenkins. Division of Head
xii Contributors
and Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology), Adrian A. Perachio, Departments of
UCLA School of Medicine, Los Otolaryngology, Physiology. and Bio
Angeles, California physics. The University of Texas
Shyam M. Khanna, Department of Oto Medical Branch, Galveston. Texas
laryngology, Columbia University. Roberta Peterka, Department of Oto
New York, New York laryngology, School of Medicine. U ni
Paul Kileny, Department of Audiology, versity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Glenrose Hospital, and Faculty of Pennsylvania
Rehabilitation Medicine, University Vito E. Pettorossi, Institute of Human
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Can Physiology, Catholic University of
ada the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Young S. Kim, Division of Head and Christopher Platt, Department of Bio
Neck Surgery (Otolaryngology), logical Science. University of South
UCLA School of Medicine, Los ern California, Los Angeles, Califor
Angeles, California nia
J.P. Landolt, Defense and Civil Insti Arthur N. Popper, Department of Anat
tute of Environmental Medicine, omy, Georgetown University, School
Downsview, Ontario, Canada of Medicine and Dentistry, Washing
W. Lang, Brain Research Institute, Uni ton, D.C.
versity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Wolfgang Precht, Max Planck Institute
Clifford Lau, Department of Surgery, for Brain Research, Frankfurt, West
UCLA School of Medicine, Los Germany
Angeles, California J.L. Rae, Department of Physiology,
Otto Lowenstein. Neurocommunica Rush College of Health Sciences, Chi
tions Research Unit, The Medical cago, Illinois
School, Birmingham University. Bir Muriel D. Ross, Department of Anato
mingham, England my, School of Medicine, University of
Omar Macadar, Department of Anato Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
my, UCLA School of Medicine, Los J.H. Ryu, Department of Otolaryngol
Angeles, California ogy and Maxillofacial Surgery, U ni
B.F. McCabe, Department of Oto versity of Iowa School of Medicine.
laryngology and Maxillofacial Iowa City, Iowa
Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa John Schairer, UCLA School of Medi
City, Iowa cine, Los Angeles, California
A. Morabito, Institute of Human Physi Carl Sherrick, Princeton University,
ology, University of Milan Medical Princeton, New Jersey
School, Milan, Italy D.D. Thomsen. NASA-Ames Research
M.-D. Ni, Texas Instruments, Houston, Center, Moffett Field, California
Texas David L. Tomko, Departments of Oto
Dennis P. O'Leary, Department of Oto laryngology and Physiology, School of
laryngology, School of Medicine, Uni Medicine, University of Pittsburgh,
versity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Charles G. Wright, University of Texas
Charles M. Oman, Research Laboratory at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
of Electronics and Man Vehicle Labo Laurence R. Young, Department of
ratory, Massachusetts Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Mas
Technology, Cambridge, Massachu sachusetts Institute of Technology,
setts Cambridge, Massachusetts