The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End

366 Pages·2016·9.5 MB·English

by  Robert Gerwarth

Robert Gerwarth

THE VANQUISHED
Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923
Contents
List of Maps
List of Illustrations
Introduction
Part I: Defeat
1 A Train Journey in Spring
2 Russian Revolutions
3 Brest-Litovsk
4 The Taste of Victory
5 Reversals of Fortune
Part II: Revolution and Counter-Revolution
6 No End to War
7 The Russian Civil Wars
8 The Apparent Triumph of Democracy
9 Radicalization
10 Fear of Bolshevism and the Rise of Fascism
Part III: Imperial Collapse
11 Pandora’s Box: Paris and the Problem of Empire
12 Reinventing East-Central Europe
13 Vae Victis
14 Fiume
15 From Smyrna to Lausanne
Epilogue: The ‘Post-War’ and Europe’s Mid-Century Crisis
Illustrations
Bibliography
Endnotes
Acknowledgements
Follow Penguin
For Oscar and Lucian
List of Maps
1 . Europe in March 1918
2 . New borders in central and eastern Europe, 1918–23
3 . Allied plans for the Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, 1919
4 . Actual dismemberment of Hungary, 1918–19
List of Illustrations
Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders. The publisher will
be happy to make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their
attention.

1 . Lenin’s forged passport. (Photograph: PA Photos)
2 . German and Russian soldiers celebrate the armistice. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo) 3
. German troops advance during their 1918 spring offensive. (Photograph: © Imperial War Museum,
London (Q 47997)) 4 . German prisoners of war on the Western Front, 1918. (Photograph: DPA/PA
Photos)
5 . Italian troops on a mountain road near Portule during the battle of Vittorio Veneto, October-November
1918. (Photograph: © Imperial War Museum, London (Q 25946)) 6 . Austrian prisoners of war, Trento,
November 1918. (Photograph: Mondadori/Getty Images)
7 . German Freikorps troops in the Baltic region, November 1919. (Photograph: Herder Institut, Marburg
(DSHI)) 8 . Victorious White Guards after the Battle of Tampere, Finland, 1918. (Photograph: Tampere
Museums, Vapriikki Photo Archives, Finland) 9 . Villagers hanging Bolshevik emissaries during the
Russian Civil War. (Photograph: Stapleton Collection/Heritage Images/TopFoto) 10 . Russian orphans.
(Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo)
11 . Philipp Scheidemann, proclaims the German Republic from the Reichstag building, Berlin, 9
November 1918. (Photograph: ullstein bild/Getty Images) 12 . The Aster Revolution in Budapest, 31
October 1918. (Source unknown)
13 . Police clash with demonstrators during the Communist putsch in Vienna, Austria, June 1919.
(Photograph: Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo) 14 . Gunmen fire on government troops during the Spartacist
Rising, Berlin, January 1919. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo) 15 . Government troops
near Berlin Cathedral during the Spartacist Rising. (Photograph: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz (Bild 102-
01454A)) 16 . Bela Kun addresses a gathering of students and workers in 1919. (Photograph: De
Agostini/Getty Images) 17 . Red Army soldiers with the corpse of a suspected counter-revolutionary,
Hungary, May 1919. (Photograph: ullstein bild/akg-images) 18 . Minden a mienk ! (Everything is Ours!),
anti-Semitic Hungarian poster by Miltiades Manno, 1919. (Photograph: Budapest Poster Gallery,
http://budapestposter.com ) 19 . Freikorps soldiers and government troops march prisoners through the
streets of Munich after the fall the ‘Soviet Republic’, May 1919. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche
Zeitung Photo) 20 . The signing of the Neuilly treaty, 27 June 1919. (Photograph: National Library ‘Cyril
and Methodius’, Sofia (C II 1292)) 21 . Arrest of Stambolijski’s man-servant during the anti-BANU
putsch, June 1923. (Photograph: Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo) 22 . Mussolini and fellow Italian
Blackshirts during the ‘March on Rome’, 1922. (Photograph: BIPs/Getty Images) 23 . Romanian military
parade in central Budapest, 1919. (Photograph: De Agostini/Getty Images)
24 . Anti-Czech demonstration, Vienna, March 1919. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo)
25 . Ethnic German refugees from West Prussia, 1920. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung Photo) 26
. Greek infantry advances through the Anatolian plateau during the Greco-Turkish War. (Photograph:
TopFoto) 27 . Mustafa Kemal and his general staff, 1919. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung
Photo)
28 . Smyrna in flames, September 1922. (Photograph: Alamy)
29 . Greek refugees flee Smyrna by sea, September 1922. (Photograph: Getty Images)
30 . Demonstration against the Trianon Treaty, Budapest, 1931. (Photograph: Scherl/Süddeutsche Zeitung
Photo) 31 . The train carriage in which the Germans signed the armistice is removed from a French
museum, June 1940. (Photograph: Bundesarchiv, Koblenz (Bild 146-2004-0147))