The Van Allen Probes Mission

643 Pages·2014·82.97 MB·English

by  N. J. Fox

The Van Allen Probes Mission

Nicola Fox (cid:2) James L. Burch
Editors
The Van Allen Probes Mission
Previously published in Space Science Reviews Volume 179,
Issues 1–4, 2013
Editors
NicolaFox JamesL.Burch
JohnsHopkinsUniversity SouthwestResearchInstitute
Laurel,MD,USA SanAntonio,TX,USA
ISBN978-1-4899-7432-7 ISBN978-1-4899-7433-4(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4899-7433-4
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013957701
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad-
casting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorage
andretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknown
orhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviews
orscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedona
computersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorparts
thereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation,initscur-
rentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforusemaybe
obtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecutionunder
therespectiveCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication,
neitherthe authors nor theeditors nor the publisher canacceptanylegalresponsibility for anyerrors or
omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerial
containedherein.
Coverillustration:NASA.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Contents
Preface
(cid:3)
N.J.Fox J.L.Burch 1
ScienceObjectivesandRationalefortheRadiationBeltStormProbesMission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
B.H.Mauk N.J.Fox S.G.Kanekal R.L.Kessel D.G.Sibeck A.Ukhorskiy 3
MissionOverviewfortheRadiationBeltStormProbesMission
(cid:3) (cid:3)
J.M.Stratton R.J.Harvey G.A.Heyler 29
RadiationBeltStormProbes—ObservatoryandEnvironments
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
K.Kirby D.Artis S.Bushman M.Butler R.Conde S.Cooper K.Fretz
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.Herrmann A.Hill J.Kelley R.Maurer R.Nichols G.Ottman M.Reid
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
G.Rogers D.Srinivasan J.Troll B.Williams 59
TheElectricandMagneticFieldInstrumentSuiteandIntegratedScience(EMFISIS)
onRBSP
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.A.Kletzing W.S.Kurth M.Acuna R.J.MacDowall R.B.Torbert T.Averkamp
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.Bodet S.R.Bounds M.Chutter J.Connerney D.Crawford J.S.Dolan
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
R.Dvorsky G.B.Hospodarsky J.Howard V.Jordanova R.A.Johnson
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.L.Kirchner B.Mokrzycki G.Needell J.Odom D.Mark R.PfaffJr.
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.R.Phillips C.W.Piker S.L.Remington D.Rowland O.Santolik R.Schnurr
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.Sheppard C.W.Smith R.M.Thorne J.Tyler 127
TheElectricFieldandWavesInstrumentsontheRadiationBeltStormProbes
Mission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.R.Wygant J.W.Bonnell K.Goetz R.E.Ergun F.S.Mozer S.D.Bale
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.Ludlam P.Turin P.R.Harvey R.Hochmann K.Harps G.Dalton
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.McCauley W.Rachelson D.Gordon B.Donakowski C.Shultz C.Smith
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.Diaz-Aguado J.Fischer S.Heavner P.Berg D.M.Malsapina M.K.Bolton
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.Hudson R.J.Strangeway D.N.Baker X.Li J.Albert J.C.Foster
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.C.Chaston I.Mann E.Donovan C.M.Cully C.A.Cattell V.Krasnoselskikh
(cid:3) (cid:3)
K.Kersten A.Brenneman J.B.Tao 183
TheRelativisticProtonSpectrometer(RPS)fortheRadiationBeltStormProbes
Mission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.Mazur L.Friesen A.Lin D.Mabry N.Katz Y.Dotan J.George J.B.Blake
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.Looper M.Redding T.P.O’Brien J.Cha A.Birkitt P.Carranza M.Lalic
(cid:3) (cid:3)
F.Fuentes R.Galvan M.McNab 221
RadiationBeltStormProbesIonCompositionExperiment(RBSPICE)
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.G.Mitchell L.J.Lanzerotti C.K.Kim M.Stokes G.Ho S.Cooper
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
A.Ukhorskiy J.W.Manweiler S.Jaskulek D.K.Haggerty P.Brandt M.Sitnov
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
K.Keika J.R.Hayes L.E.Brown R.S.Gurnee J.C.Hutcheson K.S.Nelson
(cid:3) (cid:3)
N.Paschalidis E.Rossano S.Kerem 263
Erratumto:RadiationBeltStormProbesIonCompositionExperiment(RBSPICE)
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.G.Mitchell L.J.Lanzerotti C.K.Kim M.Stokes G.Ho S.Cooper
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
A.Ukhorskiy J.W.Manweiler S.Jaskulek D.K.Haggerty P.Brandt M.Sitnov
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
K.Keika J.R.Hayes L.E.Brown R.S.Gurnee J.C.Hutcheson K.S.Nelson
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.M.Hammock N.Paschalidis E.Rossano S.Kerem 309
ScienceGoalsandOverviewoftheRadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)Energetic
Particle,Composition,andThermalPlasma(ECT)SuiteonNASA’sVanAllen
ProbesMission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
H.E.Spence G.D.Reeves D.N.Baker J.B.Blake M.Bolton S.Bourdarie
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
A.A.Chan S.G.Claudepierre J.H.Clemmons J.P.Cravens S.R.Elkington
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.F.Fennell R.H.W.Friedel H.O.Funsten J.Goldstein J.C.Green A.Guthrie
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.G.Henderson R.B.Horne M.K.Hudson J.-M.Jahn V.K.Jordanova
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
S.G.Kanekal B.W.Klatt B.A.Larsen X.Li E.A.MacDonald I.R.Mann
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.Niehof T.P.O’Brien T.G.Onsager D.Salvaggio R.M.Skoug S.S.Smith
(cid:3) (cid:3)
L.L.Suther M.F.Thomsen R.M.Thorne 311
TheRelativisticElectron-ProtonTelescope(REPT)InstrumentonBoardthe
RadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)Spacecraft:CharacterizationofEarth’s
RadiationBeltHigh-EnergyParticlePopulations
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.N.Baker S.G.Kanekal V.C.Hoxie S.Batiste M.Bolton X.Li
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
S.R.Elkington S.Monk R.Reukauf S.Steg J.Westfall C.Belting B.Bolton
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.Braun B.Cervelli K.Hubbell M.Kien S.Knappmiller S.Wade
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
B.Lamprecht K.Stevens J.Wallace A.Yehle H.E.Spence R.Friedel 337
TheMagneticElectronIonSpectrometer(MagEIS)InstrumentsAboardthe
RadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)Spacecraft
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.B.Blake P.A.Carranza S.G.Claudepierre J.H.Clemmons W.R.CrainJr.
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
Y.Dotan J.F.Fennell F.H.Fuentes R.M.Galvan J.S.George M.G.Henderson
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
M.Lalic A.Y.Lin M.D.Looper D.J.Mabry J.E.Mazur B.McCarthy
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.Q.Nguyen T.P.O’Brien M.A.Perez M.T.Redding J.L.Roeder D.J.Salvaggio
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
G.A.Sorensen H.E.Spence S.Yi M.P.Zakrzewski 383
Helium,Oxygen,Proton,andElectron(HOPE)MassSpectrometerfortheRadiation
BeltStormProbesMission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
H.O.Funsten R.M.Skoug A.A.Guthrie E.A.MacDonald J.R.Baldonado
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
R.W.Harper K.C.Henderson K.H.Kihara J.E.Lake B.A.Larsen A.D.Puckett
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
V.J.Vigil R.H.Friedel M.G.Henderson J.T.Niehof G.D.Reeves M.F.Thomsen
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.J.Hanley D.E.George J.-M.Jahn S.Cortinas A.DeLosSantos G.Dunn
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
E.Edlund M.Ferris M.Freeman M.Maple C.Nunez T.Taylor W.Toczynski
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.Urdiales H.E.Spence J.A.Cravens L.L.Suther J.Chen 423
TheEngineeringRadiationMonitorfortheRadiationBeltStormProbesMission
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
J.O.Goldsten R.H.Maurer P.N.Peplowski A.G.Holmes-Siedle C.C.Herrmann
B.H.Mauk 485
TheBalloonArrayforRBSPRelativisticElectronLosses(BARREL)
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
R.M.Millan M.P.McCarthy J.G.Sample D.M.Smith L.D.Thompson
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.G.McGaw L.A.Woodger J.G.Hewitt M.D.Comess K.B.Yando A.X.Liang
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
B.A.Anderson N.R.Knezek W.Z.Rexroad J.M.Scheiman G.S.Bowers
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
A.J.Halford A.B.Collier M.A.Clilverd R.P.Lin M.K.Hudson 503
TheRadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)andSpaceWeather
(cid:3) (cid:3)
R.L.Kessel N.J.Fox M.Weiss 531
DynamicsofRadiationBeltParticles
(cid:3)
A.Y.Ukhorskiy M.I.Sitnov 545
AE9,AP9andSPM:NewModelsforSpecifyingtheTrappedEnergeticParticleand
SpacePlasmaEnvironment
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
G.P.Ginet T.P.O’Brien S.L.Huston W.R.Johnston T.B.Guild R.Friedel
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
C.D.Lindstrom C.J.Roth P.Whelan R.A.Quinn D.Madden S.Morley
Y.-J.Su 579
RadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)EducationandPublicOutreachProgram
(cid:3) (cid:3) (cid:3)
D.Turney A.MatiellaNovak K.Beisser N.Fox 617
DOI10.1007/978-1-4899-7433-4_1
ReprintedfromSpaceScienceReviewsJournal,DOI10.1007/s11214-013-9997-2
Preface
N.J.Fox·J.L.Burch
Received:21May2013/Accepted:23May2013/Publishedonline:1June2013
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013
ThediscoveryoftheVanAllenradiationbeltsin1958,startingwithdatafromtheUnited
States’firsttwosuccessfulorbitingspacecraft,Explorer’sIandIII,wasanastoundingsur-
priseandrepresentedthefoundingofwhatwenowcallmagnetosphericphysics.Sincethat
timemanyspacecrafthavetraversedtheradiationbeltsenroutetoothermoredistantparts
of Earth’s magnetosphere and other worlds beyond Earth’s orbit. After initial climatolog-
ical models of the radiation belts were obtained in the 1960’s and early 1970’s, the main
concernaboutthemwastheabilityofspacecraftandastronautstosurvivetheirintensera-
diation.Andyetthereweretruescientificmysteriestobesolved,glimpsesofwhichcame
inthe1990’sfromspacecraftlikeCRRESandSAMPEX.CRRESobservedtheunexpected
creation of a brand new radiation belt and also a variety of unanticipated features includ-
ingpeculiardistributionsofstrongelectricfieldsdeepwithinthebeltsduringgeomagnetic
storms. SAMPEX, observed the slot region between the inner and outer belts to contain
anomalouscosmicraysandalsoobservedhighcadencevariationsintheenergeticelectrons
within that region that were unanticipated from known radiation belt drivers. In addition,
measurementsbyspacecrafttransitingtheradiationbeltsshowedthemtocontainarichva-
rietyofstrongplasmawaveswithfrequenciesfrommHzto10’sofkHz,knowntointeract
resonantlywiththevariousperiodicitiesofthechargedparticles,transportingthem,scatter-
ingthem,andcausingthemtoprecipitateintotheatmosphere.Butthemechanismsofthose
interactions,forexamplewhethertheyareprincipallylinearorstronglynon-linear,andhow
robustlytheyinfluencethebelts,arepoorlydetermined.Whilenewdiscoverieswillalways
bemadebyspacecraftvisitingnewplaces,improvedmeasurementsmadeinoldplacescan
makeequallyexcitingdiscoveriesandalsoleadtodeepunderstanding.Theradiationbelts
haveclearlybecomeaplaceripeforrenewedexploration.
N.J.Fox
TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Laurel,MD20723,USA
(cid:2)
J.L.Burch( )
SouthwestResearchInstitute,SanAntonio,TX78228-0510,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
1 Reprintedfromthejournal
N.J.Fox,J.L.Burch
WiththeadventoftheNationalSpaceWeather(NSW)andLivingWithaStar(LWS)pro-
grams,therewasrenewedinterestintheradiationbeltsandothernear-Earthspacephenom-
ena,especiallythosethataffecttechnologicalsystems.The2002SolarandSpacePhysics
Decadal Survey gave high priority to a Geospace Network mission, which comprised a
radiation-beltcomponent(calledthentheRadiationBeltStormProbes,RBSP)andaniono-
sphericcomponent(Ionospere-ThermosphereStormProbes,ISTP).Thatreportnotedcrit-
icalgapsinunderstandingofspaceweather,includingthefactthatthestrongesteffectsof
severemagnetosphericstormsareproducedbyradiationbeltparticles,whichoftenappear
anddisappearinunexpectedways.Notingthatchangesintheparticledistributionfunctions
andelectricandmagneticfieldsintheinnermagnetospherearemeasuredatsatelliteorbital
periodsratherthanatparticledriftperiods,thereportcalledforamultiple-spacecraftRBSP
mission.
The start of the Vision for Space Exploration program in 2004 lent particular urgency
towardunderstandingtheradiationhazardspresentedtoastronautstravellingbeyondEarth
orbit.Inresponsetothisconcern,RBSPwasstartedbyNASAin2005butwithITSPleft
for future implementation. As part of the NASA LWS program, NASA assigned the im-
plementation of RBSP to the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for
implementation and spacecraft development, and solicited instrument proposals from the
sciencecommunitywithanAnnouncementofOpportunityinAugust2005.Followingse-
lectionofinstrumentsin2006,RBSPunderwenttimelyandsuccessfuldevelopmenttoward
alaunch onAugust30,2012.Afterlaunchandcommissioningthemissionwasappropri-
atelyrenamedtheVanAllenProbes.
ThisspecialissueofSpaceScienceReviewsdescribesthedesign,development,calibra-
tionandtestingofallaspectsofRBSPleadinguptoitslaunch.Numerousnewmeasurement
capabilitiesweredevelopedforthemissionincludingextensionsoftheelectronandionmea-
surementstobothmuchhigherandlowerenergiesthaneverbeforewiththeadditionofion
composition to both plasma and energetic particle measurements. In addition, more com-
prehensive wave measurements are included. And, as prescribed, the use of two identical
spacecraftinnearlythesameorbitincreasesthetimecadenceofthemeasurementssubstan-
tiallyandallowsfortheseparationofspatialandtemporaleffectsovervariousspatialscales.
Inadditiontotheon-boardinstrumentationanextensivecampaigninvolvingballoon-borne
energeticparticlemeasurementsmapstheprecipitationzonesintheupperatmosphere.
Reprintedfromthejournal 2
DOI10.1007/978-1-4899-7433-4_2
ReprintedfromSpaceScienceReviewsJournal,DOI10.1007/s11214-012-9908-y
Science Objectives and Rationale for the Radiation Belt
Storm Probes Mission
B.H.Mauk·N.J.Fox·S.G.Kanekal·R.L.Kessel·
D.G.Sibeck·A.Ukhorskiy
Received:1February2012/Accepted:2June2012/Publishedonline:7September2012
©TheAuthor(s)2012.ThisarticleispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerlink.com
Abstract TheNASARadiationBeltStormProbes(RBSP)missionaddresseshowpopula-
tionsofhighenergychargedparticlesarecreated,vary,andevolveinspaceenvironments,
andspecificallywithinEarth’smagneticallytrappedradiationbelts.RBSP,withanominal
launchdateofAugust2012,comprisestwospacecraftmakinginsitumeasurementsforat
least2yearsinnearlythesamehighlyelliptical,lowinclinationorbits(1.1×5.8RE,10◦).
The orbits are slightly different so that 1 spacecraft laps the other spacecraft about every
2.5months,allowingseparationofspatialfromtemporaleffectsoverspatialscalesranging
from∼0.1to5RE.Theuniquelycomprehensivesuiteofinstruments,identicalonthetwo
spacecraft,measuresalloftheparticle(electrons,ions,ioncomposition),fields(EandB),
andwavedistributions(dEanddB)thatareneededtoresolvethemostcriticalscienceques-
tions.HerewesummarizethehighlevelscienceobjectivesfortheRBSPmission,provide
historicalbackgroundonstudiesofEarthandplanetaryradiationbelts,presentexamplesof
themostcompellingscientificmysteriesoftheradiationbelts,presentthemissiondesignof
the RBSP missionthat targets these mysteries and objectives, present the observation and
measurementrequirementsforthemission,andintroducetheinstrumentationthatwillde-
liverthesemeasurements.Thispaperreferencesandisfollowedbyanumberofcompanion
papersthatdescribethedetailsoftheRBSPmission,spacecraft,andinstruments.
Keywords Radiationbelt·Magnetosphere·Geomagneticstorms·NASAmission
(cid:2)
B.H.Mauk( )·N.J.Fox·A.Ukhorskiy
AppliedPhysicsLaboratory,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,Laurel,MD20723,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
S.G.Kanekal·D.G.Sibeck
Code674,NASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA
D.G.Sibeck
e-mail:[email protected]
R.L.Kessel
SMD,HeliophysicsDivision,NASAHeadquarters,300ESt.SW,Washington,DC20546,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
3 Reprintedfromthejournal