the use of practical activities to address grade 11 learners' conceptual difficulties in electricity and

296 Pages·2013·3.17 MB·English

THE USE OF PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES TO ADDRESS GRADE 11 LEARNERS’
CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES IN ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

BEAUTY KOTELA

Thesis presented in fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Education
at
Stellenbosch University

Supervisor: Mr N. Edwards

December 2013
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Declaration

By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained
therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent
explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch
University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety
or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification.

Date: 25 November 2013

Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University
All rights reserved
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ABSTRACT

This research study investigated the use of a practical activities-based approach to
Physical Sciences teaching using TRAC equipment to address learner conceptual
difficulties in Electricity and Magnetism (E&M). TRAC uses practical activities based on
the school curriculum to complement the theory through the utilisation of data logging
equipment linked to a computer. The participants in this study were a group of black Grade
11 learners (n=47) from a township school in the province of the Western Cape, South
Africa. Their ages range from 16 to 21, with isiXhosa the home language of most of them.

A mixed methods approach was utilized to gather the research data. Quantitative data was
collected, using pre- and post-testing of learners to determine their conceptual difficulties
in E&M, as well as to measure the effect of the practical activities-based approach in
addressing learner conceptual difficulties in E&M. Null hypotheses were formulated for the
six concepts and t-tests were used to find any statistically significant difference between
the pre- and post-test. Qualitative data was obtained from the learner transcripts, as well
as from the questionnaires and observation schedules. The results indicated significant
improvements in learner understanding of the concepts in five out of the six tests as well
as reducing commonly held misconceptions in E&M. It is recommended that careful
scaffolding should be done during a practical activity in order for learners to make the
connection between the domains of observables and ideas. .
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OPSOMMING

Hierdie navorsingstudie het die gebruik van ‘n praktiese aktiwiteitsgebaseerde benadering
tot Fisiese Wetenskappe onderrig met behulp van TRAC apparaat ondersoek. Die doel
was om leerders se konseptuele haakplekke in Elektrisiteit en Magnitisme (E&M) aan te
spreek. TRAC maak gebruik van ‘data logging’ apparaat om die teorie deur middel van
praktiese aktiwiteite wat op die skoolkurriulum gebaseer is, te komplementeer. Die
deelnemers in die studie was ‘n groep swart Graad-11 leerders (n=47) uit ‘n swart
woongebied in die Westelike Provinsie, Suid Afrika. Hulle ouderdomme strek van 16 tot
21 met isiXhosa as die huistaal vir die meerderheid van hulle.

‘n Gemengde metode benadering was gebruik om die navorsingsdata te versamel.
Kwantitatiewe data was deur ‘n voor- en natoets van die leerders versamel om hulle
konseptuele haakplekke in E&M te bepaal. Die effek van die praktiese
aktiwiteitsgebaseerde benadering om die leerders se konseptuele haakplekke in E&M aan
te spreek was ook gemeet. Nul hipotese was vir die ses konsepte geformuleer en t-toetse
was gebruik om statisties-beduidende verskille tussen die voor- en natoets te bepaal.
Kwalitatiewe data was van die leerders se oorgeskryfde onderhoude sowel as vraelyste en
observasieskedules verkry. Die resultate toon ‘n beduidende verbetering in leerders se
begrip van die konsepte in vyf van die ses toetse sowel as ‘n afname in algemene
wanbegrippe in E&M. Dit word aanbeveel dat versigtige opbouing gedurende die
praktiese aktiwiteit gedoen moet word sodat die leerders ‘n verband tussen die domein
van waarneembares en idees kan maak.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I hereby wish to acknowledge the following people for their different roles during this
research study:

My heavenly Father without whom I can do nothing.

My family – my husband, son and extended family, especially my sisters, for their
continued support and encouragement.

My supervisor for all the help, expertise and advice given and for walking the road with me.

The grade 11 learners and staff at Khanyolwethu Secondary school for doing their best to
ensure that the research process took place successfully.

TRAC SA, executive Director Mrs Debbey Olivier for granting me the opportunity and for
her continued support.
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CONTENTS
chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ..................................................................................................... 1
1.3. PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 8
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................... 9
1.6. PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................... 10
1.7. HYPOTHESIS ................................................................................................................................. 11
1.8. RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 11
1.9. ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE ........................................................................................ 13
1.10. DEFINITION OF TERMS ................................................................................................................... 14
1.11. ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 16
2.2. PHYSICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA .......................................................................... 16
2.2.1. Physical Science Performance Internationally And Locally ....................................................... 16
2.2.2. Suggested Remedies To Sa Learners’ Poor Science Performance ......................................... 18
2.3. ACTUAL LEARNER DIFFICULTIES IN SCIENCE ................................................................................... 20
2.3.1. Abstractness And Cognitive Demand Of Physical Science ....................................................... 21
2.3.2. Confusion Of Terms ................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.3. Scientific Literacy ....................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4. Issues Of Language ................................................................................................................... 23
2.3.5. Content, Available Time And Textbooks .................................................................................... 24
2.3.6. Mathematical Skills ................................................................................................................ 25
2.3.7. The Teaching Approach ............................................................................................................. 25
2.3.8. Cutting Back On Hands-On Approaches ................................................................................... 26
2.4. SUGGESTED REMEDIES ................................................................................................................. 26
2.4.1. Language, Experience, Modelling And Analogies ..................................................................... 26
2.4.2. Packaging And Delivery Of Content .......................................................................................... 29
2.4.3. Hands-On Science ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.4.4. Information Technology And Computer Simulations In Science ............................................... 30
2.4.5. Micro-Chemistry Kits .................................................................................................................. 32
2.5. CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES AND MISCONCEPTIONS IN CURRENT ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. ..... 33
2.5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 33
2.5.2. Misconceptions .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.5.3. The Role Of Teachers ................................................................................................................ 35
2.5.4. Confusion Of Terms: Current, Potential Difference, Power, Resistance ................................... 36
2.5.5. Inadequate Understanding Of Electric Current .......................................................................... 37
2.5.6. Failure To Distinguish Between Potential Difference And Current ............................................ 37
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2.5.7. Inadequate Understanding Of Resistance .................................................................................... 38
2.5.8. Interpretation Of Circuit Diagrammatic Representations ........................................................... 39
2.5.9. Inability To Reason Qualitatively About Electric Circuits ........................................................... 39
2.6. STRATEGIES TO REMEDY THE DIFFICULTIES ................................................................................... 40
2.6.1. Physics By Inquiry ...................................................................................................................... 40
2.6.2. Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................... 40
2.6.3. Concept Substitution .................................................................................................................. 41
2.7. ELECTROMAGNETISM DIFFICULTIES AND MISCONCEPTIONS ............................................................. 42
2.7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 42
2.7.2. Reliance On Other Domains And Issues Of Language ............................................................. 43
2.7.3. Abstractness Of Terms And Mathematical Skills ....................................................................... 43
2.7.4. Fuzzy Encoding ......................................................................................................................... 45
2.8. REMEDIES ..................................................................................................................................... 45
2.8.1. Restructuring Of E&M Courses.................................................................................................. 45
2.8.2. Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................... 46
2.8.3. Concept Maps ............................................................................................................................ 46
2.8.4. Peer Instruction .......................................................................................................................... 47
2.8.5. Teal Project ................................................................................................................................ 48
2.9. THE USE OF PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE ............................................................................. 49
2.9.1. Introduction And Definition Of Terms ......................................................................................... 49
2.9.2. Practical Work And Science Curriculum .................................................................................... 50
2.9.3. Scientific Inquiry Vs. Practical Activities .................................................................................... 51
2.9.4. Practical Work And Scientific Knowledge .................................................................................. 53
2.9.5. Effectiveness Of Practical Work.................................................................................................... 56
2.9.6. Advantages Of Practical Work ...................................................................................................... 61
2.9.7. Criticism And Limitations Of Practical Work .............................................................................. 62
2.10. THE TRAC APPROACH – INCLUSION OF COMPUTERS IN PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES ................................ 64
2.11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 3: Research Design And Methodology .............................................................................................. 69
3.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 69
3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 70
3.2.1. Mixed-Methods And Mixed-Model ............................................................................................. 70
3.2.2. Mixed Methods Research Process ............................................................................................ 75
3.2.3. Rationale For Mixed Methods In This Study ................................................................................. 77
3.3. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS (DATA COLLECTION TOOLS) ............................................................................. 77
3.3.1. Pre And Post-Tests .................................................................................................................... 78
3.3.2. Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................... 79
3.3.3. Observations .............................................................................................................................. 82
3.3.4. Validation Of The Research Instruments ...................................................................................... 83
3.4. DATA ............................................................................................................................................ 84
3.4.1. The Research Sample ............................................................................................................... 84
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3.4.2. Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 86
3.5. DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 87
3.5.1. Data Analysis Stages Utilized .................................................................................................... 87
3.5.1.1. Data Reduction ................................................................................................................................ 88
3.5.1.2. Data Display .................................................................................................................................... 88
3.5.1.3. Data Transformation ........................................................................................................................ 89
3.5.1.4. Data Integrations.............................................................................................................................. 90
3.5.2. Interpretation Of Data ................................................................................................................ 90
3.5.2.1. Quantitative Data Interpretation ............................................................................................................. 90
3.5.2.2. Qualitative Data Interpretation ............................................................................................................... 93
3.5.3. Legitimation (Validity) Of The Data ............................................................................................... 94
3.5.3.1. Mixed Research Legitimation Types ................................................................................................ 95
3.5.3.2. Qualitative Validity ........................................................................................................................... 96
3.6. LIMITATIONS AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS ........................................................................................ 98
3.7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................................... 100
3.8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 4: Data Collection And Analysis....................................................................................................... 102
4.1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 102
4.2. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................ 102
4.2.1. Summary Of All The Test Results .............................................................................................. 102
4.2.2. Analysis Of Learners Test Scores .............................................................................................. 103
4.3. BASICS OF CURRENT ELECTRICITY ........................................................................................................ 104
4.3.1. Pre And Post-Test 1 Scores ....................................................................................................... 104
4.3.2. Learner Difficulties Detected From The Pre-Test 1 .................................................................... 106
4.3.3. Practical Activities Based Intervention 1 ..................................................................................... 108
4.3.4. Post-Test 1 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 109
4.3.5. Sub-Conclusion Based On Pre And Post-Test 1 ........................................................................ 110
4.4. RESISTANCE AND OHM’S LAW ............................................................................................................... 112
4.4.1. Pre And Post-Test 2 Results....................................................................................................... 112
4.4.2. Learner Difficulties Detected From The Pre-Test 2 .................................................................... 113
4.4.3. Practical Activities Based Intervention: Ohm’s Law .................................................................... 114
4.4.4. Post-Test 2 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 115
4.4.5. Sub-Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 116
4.5. EMF AND INTERNAL RESISTANCE ........................................................................................................... 117
4.5.1. Pre And Post-Test 3 Results....................................................................................................... 117
4.5.2. Learner Difficulties Detected From The Pre-Test 3 .................................................................... 118
4.5.3. Learner Difficulties Detected From The Pre-Test 3 .................................................................... 119
4.5.4. Practical Activities Based Intervention: Emf And Internal Resistance ........................................ 120
4.5.5. Post-Test 3 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 121
4.5.6. Sub-Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 122
4.6. SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS .......................................................................................................... 122
4.6.1. Pre And Post-Test 4 Results....................................................................................................... 123
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4.6.2. Learner Difficulties Detected From The Pre-Test 4 .................................................................... 124
4.6.3. Practical Activities Based Intervention: Series And Parallel Circuits .......................................... 125
4.6.4. Post-Test Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 127
4.6.5. Sub-Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 128
4.7. MAGNETIC FIELD ASSOCIATED WITH CURRENT ...................................................................................... 129
4.7.1. Pre And Post-Test 5 Results....................................................................................................... 129
4.7.2. Learner Difficulties Detected In Pre-Test 5 ................................................................................. 130
4.7.3. Practical Activities Based Intervention: Magnetic Field Associated With Current ...................... 131
4.7.4. Post-Test 5 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 132
4.7.5. Sub-Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 132
4.8. CURRENT ASSOCIATED WITH MAGNETIC FIELD ...................................................................................... 133
4.8.1. Pre And Post-Test 6 Results....................................................................................................... 134
4.8.2. Learner Difficulties As Detected In The Pre-Test 6 .................................................................... 135
4.8.3. Practical Activities Based Intervention: Magnetic Field Associated With Current ...................... 135
4.8.4. Post-Test 6 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 137
4.8.5. Sub-Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 137
4.9. LEARNER MISCONCEPTIONS AND PRACTICAL WORK .............................................................................. 138
4.10. HOW THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES-BASED APPROACH ENHANCES LEARNING .......................................... 141
4.11. SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 142
4.12. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 143
Chapter 5: Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 144
5.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 144
5.2. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 145
5.2. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ........................................................................................................... 146
5.2.1. Researcher’s Reflection & Relationship With Previous Studies .............................................. 146
5.2.2. Explanations Of Unanticipated Findings .................................................................................. 146
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE USE OF PRACTICAL WORK – FROM LITERATURE AND THIS STUDY .... 147
5.4. LIMITATIONS OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY ..................................................................................... 149
5.5. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 150
5.6. QUESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH .................................................. 150
5.7. FINAL CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 152
Appendix A: Test 1 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 162
Appendix B: Test 2 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 163
Appendix C: Test 3 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 164
Appendix D: Test 4 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 165
Appendix E: Test 5 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 166
Appendix F: Test 6 Scores ............................................................................................................................ 167
Appendix G: Test Scores 1 – 6 Participants In All ......................................................................................... 168
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Appendix H: Pre- And Post-Test 1 ................................................................................................................ 164
Appendix I: Pre- And Post-Test 2 .................................................................................................................. 169
Appendix J: Pre- And Post-Test 3 ................................................................................................................. 177
Appendix K: Pre- And Post-Test 4 ................................................................................................................. 181
Appendix L: Pre- And Post-Test 5 ................................................................................................................. 189
Appendix M: Pre- Post-Test 6 ....................................................................................................................... 195
Appendix N: Activity 1 - Basic Of Current Electricity ..................................................................................... 201
Appendix O: Activity 2: Ohm’s Law (Em1)..................................................................................................... 203
Appendix P: Activity 3 - Series And Parallel Connections Practical .............................................................. 216
Appendix P: Activity 4 – Series And Parallel Circuits (Em2) ......................................................................... 218
Appendix Q: Activity 5: Resistance ................................................................................................................ 231
Appendix R: Activity 6 – Em3 ........................................................................................................................ 232
Appendix S: Activity 7 – Em5 ........................................................................................................................ 242
Appendix T: Pre- And Post-Intervention Questionnaires ............................................................................... 255
Appendix U: Observation Schedules ............................................................................................................. 268
Appendix V: Letter Of Permission – Doe ....................................................................................................... 271
Appendix W: Letter Of Permission By Parents : English Version ................................................................. 272
Appendix X: Letter Of Permission By Parents (Isixhosa Version) ................................................................. 273
Appendix Z: Minor Consent ........................................................................................................................... 277