The Use Of Aquatic Vegetation and Invertebrates to Monitor Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Lake

184 Pages·2017·1.98 MB·English

by  Bruce Bowman

THE USE OF AQUATIC VEGETATION AND
INVERTEBRATES TO MONITOR
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE
LAKE HURON - LAKE ERIE CORRIDOR
R. A. C. PROJECT NO. 241 PL

ISBN 0-7729-8269-4
THE USE OF AQUATIC VEGETATION AND INVERTEBRATES
TO MONITOR CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE LAKE
HURON - LAKE ERIE CORRIDOR
R. A. C. PROJECT NO. 241 PL
Prepared for Environment Ontario by:
D. Haffner, F. Gobas, P. Hebert
AUGUST 1991
Cette publication technique n'est disponible qu'en anglais.
Copyright: Queen's printer for Ontario, 1991
This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with
appropriate attribution.
PIBS 1627

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared for the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. The
views and ideas expressed in this report are those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Ministry of the Environment,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use. The Ministry, however, encourages
the distribution of information and strongly supports technology transfer and
diffusion.
Any person who wishes to republish part or all of this report should apply for
permission to do so to the Research and Technology Branch, Ontario Ministry
of the Environment, 135 St. Clair Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, M4V 1P5,
Canada.
Copyright: Queen's Printer for Ontario.
This publication may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with
appropriate attribution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vii
CHAPTER 1 1
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 1
CHAPTER 2 9
INTRODUCTION 9
CHAPTER 3 11
BIOMONITORING: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 11
Introduction 11
Uptake, Depuration and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Biomonitors 12
The Kinetic and the Fugacity Approach 13
Deriving Rate Constants from Experimental Data 17
Time to Achieve Steady-State / Equilibrium 18
Chemical and Organism Specific Relationships for the Uptake and
Depuration of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Organisms 20
The Use of Kinetic Rate Constants in Biomonitoring 25
CHAPTER 4 30
CALIBRATION OF THE FRESH WATER MUSSEL ELLIPTIO COMPLANATA
FOR QUANTITATIVE BIOMONITORING OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE AND
OCTACHLOROSTYRENE IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 30
Introduction 30
Materials and Methods 30
Results and Discussion 33
PATTERNS OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANT ACCUMULATION BY FRESHWATER
MUSSELS IN THE ST. CLAIR RIVER 38
Introduction 38
i
Methods 39
Mussel Collection and Deployment 39
Analytical Techniques for Organic Contaminants 41
Results 41
Differences in Body Burden Among Depths 41
Contaminant Accumulation at Single Sites 42
Variation in Contaminant Accumulation Between Sites 48
Seasonal Variation in Contaminant Accumulation 48
Comparison of Contaminant Accumulation Between 1986 and 1987 52
Discussion 52
CHAPTER 5 56
BIOMONITORING USING THE MAYFLY, HEXAGENIA LIMBATA:
TOXICOKINETICS 56
Introduction 56
Methods 57
Chemical Uptake from Water (K ) 57
1
Uptake from Sediments (K ) 58
S
Elimination to Water and Sediments 58
Results 59
Uptake from Water (K ) 59
1
Uptake from Sediment (K ) 62
S
Elimination to Water and Sediment 66
Discussion 72
BIOACCUMULATION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS BY THE MAYFLY
(HEXAGENIA LIMBATA) IN LAKE ST. CLAIR 75
Introduction 75
Theoretical 76
Model I 76
Model II 78
Methods 80
Mayfly and Sediment Collection 80
Mayfly Analysis 80
Sediment Analysis 81
Gas Chromatographic Analysis 81
Statistical Analysis 81
Results & Discussion 83
Sediment and Mayfly Characteristics 83
Bioaccumulation in the Mayfly 83
Sediment-Mayfly Interaction 85
Conclusion 90
ii
CHAPTER 6 91
BIOMONITORING WITH MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM: KINETICS OF
CHEMICAL UPTAKE, DEPURATION AND BIOCONCENTRATION OF
ORGANOCHLORINES 91
Introduction 91
Materials and Methods 92
Chemicals 92
Plants 93
Experiments 93
Uptake 93
Clearance 94
Analysis 94
Water Analysis 94
Plant Analysis 95
Lipid content 95
Gas chromatography 95
Results 96
Developing a Descriptive Model 97
Developing a Mechanistic model 106
Conclusions 112
CHAPTER 7 114
FINANCIAL REPORT 114
REFERENCES 117
APPENDIX A 122
ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS IN DUCK POPULATIONS OF WALPOLE
ISLAND 122
Abstract 122
Introduction 122
Methods 124
Tissue collections and analysis 124
Lipid extraction 125
Results 125
Discussion 127
Conclusion 128
Acknowledgements 128
References 129
List of Tables 130
Table 1 131
iii
List of Figures 132
Figure 1 133
Figure 2 134
Figure 3 135
Figure 4 136
APPENDIX B 137
HABITAT PARTITIONING AND CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE IN FORAGE
FISH 137
Abstract 137
Introduction 137
Materials and Methods 140
Results 143
Discussion 144
Conclusion 147
References 148
List of Figures 151
Figure 1 152
Figure 2 153
Figure 3 154
Figure 4 155
Figure 5 156
Figure 6 157
Figure 7 158
APPENDIX C
THESES SUPPORTED BY PROJECT 241PL 159
iv