The Usborne young scientist undersea PDF
Preview The Usborne young scientist undersea
t THE USBORNE YOUNG SCIENTIST UNDERSEA THE USBORNE YOUNG SCIENTIST DERSEA Credits The experiments Writtenby ChristopherPick ArtandEditorialdirection Hereisachecklistoftheequipmentyouwillneedforthe DDeasviidgnJeAfsfseirisstant experimentsandthingstodoincludedinthisbook. IainAshman Illustratedby General equipment MalcolmEnglish ChristineHowes Notebookandpencil MalcolmMcGregor Ruleortape-measure MPhiiclhaWeelarReoffe SGtliucekytape JohnBrettoner Coverillustrationby Scissors PhilipHood Salt Paperclips Acknowledgements Rubberbands Wewishtothankthefollowing fortheirassistanceandfor makingavailablematerialin Forspecial experiments theircollections. AlwyneWheeler RobinEccles Lightandheavywater(p.5): Underwatercorrosion(p.17): BritishSub-AquaClub Glassbowl Twobaked-beantinlids DHBConstructionLtd Jug Twoironnails DGSwales Bottleofcolouredink Bowl GrummanAerospace Tablesalt JerryHazzard Saltsintheseas(p.5): Cottonthread RoyalNavy Shallowbowlorsaucer BuoyancymeterdevisedbyHeather Tablesalt Makeyourownperiscope(p.20): Amery. Twosmallhandmirrors Firstpublishedin1977byUsborne Waterbuoyancymeter(p.17): Balsacememntm P85ubSlaifsfhrionngHLitlld,,LUosnbdoronneEHCo1usNe,8R8©T3,- 2B5o0wglplasticine mm S70h0eemtmof6 76mtmhickbalsmawmood E1n97g7l,an1d9.90ThUissbeodritnieonP,ucbolpiysrhiignhgtLtd. She30etmomfthickcard250 Aballlsoawwaonoodth2e5r0smhemetof766mmthick RUesvbiosrendeaannddutphdeadteevdic1e99T0.aTrehename TUhsreedempaatpcerhclips tToramnaskpeartehnetoatcheetracteomponents trademarksofUsbornePublishing Rubberband orLftedpt.rhioAsdluplcurebildgi,hctsasttoirroeensdemrivaneyda.breeNtoriepvaarlt Tablesalt TThweoweemipgthtyobfalwlaptoeirnt(pp.e2n4)c:ases system,ortransmittedinanyform Plasticine orbyanymeans,electronic, Waterproofstickytape mechanical,photocopying,recording Milkbottle orotherwisewithoutprior Balloon permissionofthepublisher. Plasticorrubbertubing PrintedinItaly Weights and measures AlltheweightsandmeasuresusedinthisbookareMetric. Thislistgivessomeequivalentsin Imperialmeasures. mm = millimetre kg = kilogram (1inch = 25.4mm) (1pound = 0.45kg) cm = centimetre Atonneis1,000kg (linch = 2.54cm) (1ton = 1.02tonnes) m = metre kgsqcm = kilogramsper (lyard = 0.91m) squarecentimetre k(1mmi=leki=lo1m.e6tkrme) (01.0p7okugndsqpcerm)squareinch = Onthecover:Agreatwhiteshark (k1p0h0m=pkhilo=me1t60reksphp)erhour 1Clit=rediesg1r.e7e6spiCnetnstigrade Ocrnuitsheisspoavgeer:thaedisveianbgesdaucer (g1=0ggr=a0m.353oz) THE USBORNE YOUNG SCIENTIST UNDERSEA About this book Contents Whatisafoodpyramid?Whydofishhavelateral lines?How 4 PlanetEarth,thewaterworld dosubmarinesdive,steerandsurface? 6 Thelivingoceans 8 Creaturesofthesea The Underseaanswersthesequestionsandmanymore. Itshows 10 Underwaterdiving thereaderhowdeep-diving—machinesarenowopening 12 Wrecksandtreasures uptheEarth'slastfrontier theworldofinnerspace. 14 Sharksandrays Itcoversdevelopmentssuchasfishfarming,miningthe 16 Underwaterarmour oceanfloorsandnewwaysto controlpollution. 18 Developmentofthesubmarine 22 Mammalsofthesea The Undersea alsocontainssafeandsimpleexperimentsthat 24 Intheabyss canbedoneathomewithordinaryhouseholdequipment. They 26 Oceanharvest rangefromprojectslikebuildingaperiscopeto 28 Innerspace demonstrationsoftheprinciplesofwaterpressureandbuoyancy. 30 Underseafirsts facts words 32 Index Goingfurther Planet Earth, the water world Theplanet we liveon,theEarth, has really been misnamed,asyou canseefromthesethreeviews — ofit nolessthan70.8per centoftheworldiscovered in water! Thedifferentpartsofthesea havedifferentnames,butthey areall connectedandwaterflows continuallyaroundtheworld. Lifestarted inthesea,and althoughmanyformsoflifelive onland,themajorit—ystilllive inthecradleoflife thesea. 'HighwaysoftheSeas^ Lightand heavywater Salts intheseas Cold 1 HOTWATER 1 RAINFALLS ON water LANP currents 6LASS ; BOWL \ i?rt&<M / MINERALS WASHEP r^^S INTOSEA Wwaatrerm oKneygltoobceusrartents / MINOEORTAOLfSCFROARCCKESP currents left Oceancurrentsarethe highwaysoftheseas.Cold currents,producedby meltingice,startinthe ArcticandAntarctic.Cold AThissimpleexperimentshows A Mostsaltsandmineralsare waterisheavierthanwarm, youwhycoldandwarmwater washedoffthelandbyrain sotheyflowatagreat currentsflowatthebottomand andcarriedintotheseaby depth.Thefaster-flowing topoftheseas.Youneedaglass streamsandrivers.Thesalts warmcurrents,usually bowl,asmalljugandabottleof remainintheseaevenwhen startingaroundthe ink.Fillthebowlthree-quarters thewaterevaporates.This equator,movenearerthe fullofcoldwater. experimentshowshowthe surface. processofevaporationworks. o SAUCERORSHALLOW * UP TIN n UWER OFUOT WATER. SALTCELLAR AFillthejugupwithhot(but A Fillthesaucerwithwater,and niontkibnoitloincgo)lowuarteirt.,Gaenndtldyrpoopusrome pdiustsionlvaes—msutcirhwsiatlhtaastewialslpoon thehotwaterintothebowl.You tohelpifnecessary.Putthe willseethatthehotwaterstays saucerinawarm,dryplaceand onthesurface,forminga leaveitforafewdays.Keepa definitetoplayer. dailynoteofthewaterlevel. WATER MIXESAS SALTCRYSTALS ITCOOLS HOTWATERCOOLINGDOWN A Afterawhilethehotwaterwill A Youwillfindthelevelsinking. Tcohoelrofefasaonndwmhiyxhwoitthwattheerresstta.yson Tinhteowvaatpeoruris—gervadaupaolrlaytitnugr—nianngd titopisihsebaetceadu—sethwiastmearkeexspaitndswhen elesacvaepsintgheinstalottbheehaitnmdos(lpihkeerteh.eIt ANTARCTICA lighter,soitfloatsontopof saltsintheoceans)toleave theheavier,densercoldwater. nothingbutlargesaltcrystals. The living oceans Texhpeansseaeiosfnwoattejru,sttaheflsatamefrom A habitatfour kilometresdeep toptobottom. Itvariesalot fromplacetoplace.Thecreatures Theseaisdivided inthesea,likethoseonland,have intotwomain adaptedindifferentwaystothe parts.TheBenthic kindofenvironmentinwhich areaisthesea theylive. Deep-seafish,for bwoitthtotmh,etcorgeeatthuerres Sea example,areequippedwith thatliveonit. level organstolurepreyandbig Therestofthe jawstoswallowwith. oceaniscalled Studyingtheundersea,the thePelagicarea snceiewn—cethoefoficrestandoetgarialpehdys,tuisdifeasirly ainntTdohiteshdrpiheovetizidocen,des. werenotmadeuntilthe 19th sunlit,zoneatthe m century. topreceivesalot 1,000 ofsunlight.Many creatureslive there,incontrast withtheeuphotic, twilightzone,where thereislittle plDanetepliefre.down,there 2,000m isnolightatall, andlittlefood.The inhabitantsofthe abyss,thesunless zone,aremainly smallandwell m equippedtotrap 3,000 anypreythat maycometheirway. A Thefirstscientificexpedition toexploretheunderseasailedin HMSChallenger(shownabove)in m 1872.Thescientistsonboard 4,000 mappedtheoceanfloorsand collectedmanyspecimensof oceanlifeduringthevoyage. Landscape under NORTH AMERICA thesea Thebottomoftheseahasa 'landscape'ofitsown.Off mostcoaststhelandgently slopesoutacrossthe continentalshelfbefore fallingsteeplytotheseabed. Noristheseabeditselfflat. Therearetrenches,canyons andmountainranges—the tiniestislandsare oftenmerelythetipsof enormousunderwaterpeaks. Food pyramids Thediagrambelowshowsjust Sunlitphotic oneexampleofafoodpyramid. zone 1,000kgofphytoplankton,tiny plants,willfeed100kgof zooplankton,animals. Twilight euphoticzone Thesezooplanktonwillinturn provideenoughfoodfor10kgof fishsuchasmackerel,which willsustain1kgofkillerwhale. Becausesomanysmallcreatures areneededtofeedlargerones therearealwaysfewerlarge animalsintheoceansthan smallones. Sunless abyssalzone Creaturesarenot showntoscale. Thefiguresinthe v m & circlesaretypical temperaturesat variousdepths.They aretakenfromthe WestAtlantic,south ofBermuda. ATLANTICBASIN AFRICA 1 &' '/ L I Creatures of the sea About20,000kindsoffishlivein Backbone thesea.Mosthavebonyskeletons. Theyarecalledteleostsafterthe Greekwordswhichmean'madeof bone'. Others,likeraysand sharkshaveskeletonsofgristle. Octopusesandsquids(whicharenot fish,butmolluscs)haveskeletons ofchalkycalciumcarbonate. /T^Z Sectionsofmusclearethe partsofafishwhich tastebestwhencooked. Kidney Analfin Likepeople,fishneedoxygen, Smoothslimyskin Abustatfhiesyhgsewtalitlofwrso,mwwaatteerr,pansostesair. hqeulipcskltyheanfdisheassiwliym. aGdajsusbtlaitdsddeerpltehtsifnitshhe tthheroouxgyhgeitnsfgirlolsmwiht.iTchhe'strain' wianttehre.bTlhaeddmero,regas dteh-rooxuygghetnhaetgeidllwcaotveerrsi.sexpelled themorebuoyantthefish. Colourandcamouflage Camouflageisafish'smain protectionagainstattackbya largerfish.Somefishalsouse camouflagewhenattackingand blendintothebackgrounduntil Darkupper theyarereadytostrike. surfaces Coralreefsareinshallow watersandthecolourofthecoral Mostfishwhichswiminthe andplantlifeisincredible. upperandmid-watersshare Reefdwellerslikethis basiccamouflage.Theyare TriggerFishareultra- lightcolouredontheirlower brightlycolouredtoblend bodiestoblendinwiththe inwiththeirown brightwatersurfaceabove. environment.Theirpatterns Theirupperpartsaredarker tendtobestripedor toblendinwiththedark irregulartofurtherconfuse depthsbelow. otherfish.
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