The United States, Norway and the Cold War, 1954–60

285 Pages·1997·29.509 MB·English

by  Mats R. Berdal (auth.)

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THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND THE SECURITY DILEMMA, 1979-92
The United States,
Norway and
the Cold War, 1954-60
Mats R. Berdal
Research Fellow
International Institute for Strategic Studies
London
Foreword by Olav Riste
in association with
Palgrave Macmillan
First published in Great Britain 1997 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-13372-7 ISBN 978-1-349-13370-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13370-3
First published in the United States of America 1997 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue. New York. N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-16281-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Puhlication Data
Berdal. Mats R.. 1965-
The United States. Norway and the Cold War. 1954-60 I Mats R.
Berdal ; foreword by Olav Riste.
p. cm. -(SI. Antony's series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-16281-8
I. United States-Foreign relations-Norway. 2. Norway-Foreign
relations-United States. 3. Cold War. I. Title. II. Series.
EI83.8.N6B47 1996
327.730481-dc20 9fr.22554
CIP
-------------------------------_._-------- --------
© Mats R. Berdal 1997
Foreword © Olav Riste 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1997
All rights reserved. No reproduction. copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and
Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WI P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be Iiahle to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his rights to be identified as the author of this work in accordance
with the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 432 I
06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Foreword by Olav Riste x
Introduction xii
PART I: THE HISTORICAL SETTING 1
1 Anglo-American Strategic Policy and Norway, 1945-54 3
PART II: NORWAY IN AMERICAN THREAT
ASSESSMENTS, 1954-60 25
Introduction 25
2 Intelligence and Air Strategies in the Arctic, 1954-60 27
3 The United States, Norway and the Soviet Naval Threat in
Northern Europe, 1954-60 47
PART III: NORWAY AND AMERICAN MARITIME
STRATEGY, 1954-60 67
Introduction 67
4 The US Navy, Norway and the New Look: Adjusting to a
"Northern Strategy", 1954-57 69
5 British Naval Policy, 1953-60: Implications for Norway
and US Commitments in the North Atlantic 85
6 American Forward Maritime Strategy in the North Atlantic,
1957-60 109
v
vi Contents
PART IV: THE POLITICAL CONTEXT 129
Introduction 129
7 Norway as a Political Ally: The US and the Nordic
Region 131
8 Norway, the United States and the Management of Bilateral
Relations, 1954-60 148
Conclusion 172
Notes 181
Bibliography 249
Index 263
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations appear regularly in footnotes and in the text:
AFNORTH - Allied Forces Northern Europe
AFOIN - Air Force Office of Intelligence (US)
BJSM - British Joint Services Mission, Washington, DC
CINCLANT - Commander in Chief, Atlantic (US)
CINCNORTH - Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Northern
Europe
CNO - Chief of Naval Operations
CONUS - Continental United States
COS - British Chiefs of Staff
DDEL - Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas
DOD - Department of Defence (Pentagon)
EDP - Emergency Defence Plan
FD - Det Kg\. Forsvarsdepartement (The Norwegian
Ministry of Defence)
lAC - Intelligence Advisory Committee (US)
JCS - Joint Chiefs of Staff (US)
HC - Joint Intelligence Committee (US)
JLPC - Joint Logistics Plans Committee .(US)
JSPC - Joint Strategic Plans Committee (US)
MAAG - Military Assistance Advisory Group (US)
MDAP - Mutual Defence Assistance Programme (US)
NID - Naval Intelligence Division of the Admiralty Staff
NIE - National Intelligence Estimate (US)
NEC - Northern European Command (NATO)
NHC - US Navy Operational Archives Branch, Naval
Historical Center, Washington, DC
NARA - National Archives and Records Administration,
Washington, DC
OCB - Operations Coordinating Board of the NSC
ONI - Office of Naval Intelligence (US)
OPNAV - Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (US)
RNAF - Royal Norwegian Air Force
SAC - Strategic Air Command
SNIE - Special National Intelligence Estimate (US)
VII
Vlll Abbreviations
SSB - Ballistic Missile Submarine
SSB(N) - Ballistic Missile Submarine, Nuclear Powered
SSN - Nuclear-fuelled Submarine
TACAN - Tactical Air Navigation
UD - Det Kg!. Utenriksdepartementet (The Norwegian
Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
USNIP - United States Naval Institute Proceedings
WHO - White House Office
Acknow ledgements
In preparing this book I have benefited greatly from the support and
encouragement of numerous individuals in Great Britain, the United States
and Norway. At Oxford, Professor Robert O'Neill very effectively super
vised and guided my research for three years. I would also like to record a
special debt of gratitude to Dr Eric Grove who kindly offered his advice
us
and comments on those aspects of my work relating to British and
naval policy. My thanks are due also to Captain Gordon Wilson and
Caroline Llewellyn at the Royal Naval CoIlege at Greenwich, both of
whom helped me in every possible way during the course of my study.
In the United States I am particularly grateful to Mrs Kathy Lloyd at the
US Navy Operational Archives Branch in Washington D.C. who spent so
much time ensuring that I found the relevant files and records. The library
staff at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, also gave
generously of their time during my stay at the library.
In Norway I am much indebted to Professor Olav Riste and Professor
Rolf Tamnes at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. They encour
aged me to focus on this particular period of the Cold War and provided
important advice and valuable comments as the study progressed. FinaIly,
I thank Dominique Jacquin for her constant support and encouragement.
ix