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1m 1m MEN-AT-ARMS THE UNITED STATES ARMY 1783-1811 CONTENTS CHRONOLOGY 3 • Organis:llion andopcr.1lionsofUnited SLlteS troops, 1783--1811 UNIFORMS: THE FRONTIER CONSTABULARY FORCE, J_Itocun-.pentMartytwo 1784-91 7 ~_ • m_mdlre<:tor andeunlor,prlnclpllilywtthtIM •Josiah Ilarmarand the 1stAmerican Regiment us~P.rI<Servlc.and • thecontrac of1785& 1786 Ivmy~Syst....,.nd • ~IrSecreta Knoxand :\Iajor Fish -,.-It1.t~ • the 1787circular W~..MountV.rnon '''1'11 ~te.Twe ..,1t9lq0_1M JonnecIhieown THE LEGION OF THE UNITED STATES, -...-8ndhi"~l 1792-96 13 --..tt.IInc:y,lnckidlngfilmand • Secreta" Knox's plans- shonjadetsand round hats ~t_hnal~ • unit distinclions --"-wtIIdI..lNlHd.t ....,...Feny,W..tVlrgln'-o. •Anthom \\'a,"ne·s ·b.1.ttleofthe caps· 1M~otDonTro'-nl'. ScNdiJw1:,"~,1754-IBaS, THE QUASI-WAR PERIOD, 1797-1800 15 he,...-m..,Inn~b" • The 1796& 1797regulations .nlc1MandI'Inorpn~ • Washington. Hamilton. and the 1799 recollunendalions imporWdedllbltloM,Including n-re.1'nJm~ntV.rnon: • de\{~lopmentofthe 1799specifications 0-.."'eMIngtonR.nMed. JEFFERSON'S REPUBLICAN ARMY, 1801-00 21 • Secret:ll)' Dearborn - inanh"il}' and parSilllOll\ • minor modificationsand reforms toold pallerns • 180-1- reappcardl1CC ofthecoalee • light arlille!)'and rine unifonns THE ARMY ON THE EVE OF WAR, 1809-11 33 • ~I;!jor McComb. Secrctar)' Eustis, and the circulation or lhc 1809 prOlot)'pcS O'...ldRlckm.nI.Ihe.xhlblt. • the confused cmcrgence Oflhc 1810 patterns co·ortiln.torlor11'1.Delaware ,g" p.arl<••,.tem,whereI'll. CONCLUSION 36 I•.,ourlt.pnljectI.h.lpillilto ,..tOI'l.ndfIIml'h.n AnterlcIfleMtWar-.1'1I SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 --.tfortr AIother U..-IM..I 1 I.ne. I"",t,.lorepec:1.tl,lngIn THE PLATES 39 hl'tor\CIland.Ihnogrllphlc IUbject..HI,womIreIn11M INDEX 48 colloectMtnIoftheNetlon.1 PerttServk:e,PlrI<,Cllnedl end...1ricKIsothermUHYm, endhistorictit...Th.eon01I US"-..y iltor.Oe'tkl ~ upInCII/fon'I&I, hiliItwedIn~and_ n-In~DeIIW_ wtttIhie....,DebcN'Ih. SERIES EDITOR: MARTIN WINDROW THE UNITED STATES ARMY 1783-1811 TEXT BY JAMES KOCHAN ~ MILITARY 3 Fnlput>l<sIIedIn2001 DrOI4ny~, ElmaCourl, Dedication CIlapojway,801..,.,OlclOl'll0)(29lPUnotMll(>ngdom Tomyparents,JakubandGeorgeneKochan,lottr-loveand encouragemenl,aswellasll'leorpal~ andgUIdanceduMg ~familyvacationsthaIalWaysInCludedVISIts10amyriadof ....ngtns_ AfJiwlfn;mMI)',...-.glor!he~01p.MU.SlU<Iy, museums,I'lIstoricSItes,fortsandtlattlelields _,~01_."pIIm'lII1ed....-!lle~,Deeognsend Pel_Act.11188,nopen01_ ~meylie~ _ In. Acknowledgements ............,-n,OI~"In.-.yform01Dr'"'-.ooIecIftlnoc, ~ a.r.:aI.~,~, ~-.lingOlo:xrw-, -......!liepro..nn.-.poem-..01!lie0Cl(Iyng/Il_ ~shouIlllle SpeaIlIhank3frombothartIStandIIllI!hol"10TnII_Crowder.Chudl _ro!lle-'" FitIlI3Il,andJohnl/virIgstonlot~Iondassostaneedumgthe PfllPl"lIOn01theeoIourp1at_, thave~edfromthe -.-- generoIllyofP'fSOtllltooIlUIMrOUS10name,bothlnlltltUIIOnilIstaff -158N-1841-7e0l10 and~,dumgmy-enontt.1IUbfecI01*mal'f ~but•woukIbe....".,.nottosrogleout• leWoftheITIOSl EdIu:r,..,...WncIIOW helpful:AlanAImone,BnlWl0unnIgwI.the"" 0etm8rFinke. BlIGutI'man.Peter~on,thelilt.H.Cha1esMcBarron,EIen ~,DaveSommons.JohnSI" DonTroIIf1I,andlastly ~byColoo.JrpeIh,Ulndon.Uk """*'11'1a-!hr'oI.9l-PM!lid Mreap1roudluZcleadtdlolr(wtthwe3lIn1ItloIIeII'TleldIInItltIot.~wcrt).'hHawttaWs!•ondics:ttJranwawplglse'a stn toW'Cril:IIQIIII'lwf\tll'llstoncal.-tillandtnend0eVldAIckman:and 0102000'05 101'7'~.]21 _ bothexlendourdeepand~Ih8nkstoeditorMao1Ifl FORItCATAlOGUEOf.......musPU8U5HEOBY0Sf'AEY Wndrow,__patlInI.~andgood-humored. MVIAA'I'NItJA'Ml'IONPU.A5E'MlJT'ETO Artist's Note The~-"",,~""""ltO,PO&o.1~ _ ...............~HNlI~"""'"KIngdom EnW:~"O__.l'dioacLco'" Reader1I~ca'etonoeeIha1Itl1o0f9NIIplJIfIIlngIfromwtw;::hthe eoIourplat_Intt.book__~_ ........lorpnYlIIII The-...w.g-..0-,~0lrac1USA, sale.Allrepoducttoncopynght~• .....-:lbythe rJOMcKofboob~PO&0.I, Put*shltrl.AI~shouldbeIlbessedto' ~WI!5402D-0001,USA EmIlI:lnIoe_.,..ac-.-n Dav>dRickman,1000NcwttIMorvoeSIAtIl:,WinWogton, 0ttIaware19801,USA.;orbye---m.I.,.rckr3akOspmtmal.com ThePublIshersregretthlttheyc.nem_mono~ uponItvsmatt_ CaptJohn Prittw..comml..loned In 17111 and..rvedIn the hI Inlanlry(aubuquenll'y Ihe 1atSUb Legion}until December17113, Heapent moat01hlatimeinthee81l, whereheovel'1lwr8Cl'\litlnllandaupplymatten Ind_a. is evidentInthis 17I1Z pol1nlt byRalph EaI1- did not encounterthe.hamlle.offood andclolhingwhichp1a9ued thelroopaon lhe lrontler. HI.unlfomlcantomlato 1787 regulallon., thoUgh thecollarI.ofthe'11..andfalt' 10ml ratherthan the almpleat.ndlngcolla••peclfled,Theacal1el lapetsIre..nbuttoned,andhllb~oltn.Societyofthe Clnclnnall_Indlc1lting hi.prior..rviceaaanof'fk:..in!tie Contlnent.lArmy_Isproudlywornonthelefttapel,The singleaitftr.-pa..letteonhbrlghtahoukterIndic.at..hi. rank, In_ h.and heholda aaI'Iort*,tver-or.teel-mounted Nber;In Iheother,• 1791 inlPlCtlon retumoflhe regiment,The'aprangwof'k' "-,,ofcl1maonailk,wtloM weavegave11el..ticproperties.Isaeeuredallopcent..to a v..t button_perna,",anaffect.tlon.but_ likely• nee.....rymHfilre10~IIt allcl9lngbelow his pronouncedt1omach.ICcKiI1_y Dalta. Mu-..mofArt) 29 September 1789 Cnder the ne\\ Consti Huional gm'crnlllent, Congress passes an act lO recognise the lIlilitan establishment prC\ioush founded, consistingof700uoopsoriginalh raised for..eniccon the fronticr, plustheadditional IWO companiesofarlillen rai-.ed under the resoh'e of20 October 1786, 30April 1790 Congresspasse~an aCI toregulateand eSL."lbli~h(in lieuof the former act) the militan forces ofthe L'niwd States, toconsisl of: I battalion ofanillen (of" comp<mies) I rl-'g"illlefll ofinfantn' (of!'\ baltillions, each of12companies), rail 1790 Expedition consi~ling of 35!'\ regular troops and 1,133 KelHucI..\ and Penn'i\lvania militia undel Harmar mount offensive dJf<lilbt ~liami Indian lown'>.Twoad\,mceddetachmentsaredefealedon 19 and 21 October llith nearh 200 regulars and militia killed. 3 March 1791 Congre<;satllhori<;esan additional regiment orinfanlr\', lO beorWllli...cdas the precedingone. The president isempowered to raise, in addili011 10or ill place oflhe militia, ,ix-month lroopsenlisted under 11Iedenomination of'Levies', not to exceed 2,000 rank and rile. Summer 1791 1'\\0 raids alonl{ the \\';tbash River are conduCled by Kctlluck\ IllOllllled militia with partial success, destroying Indian lawns and crop.... 3 November 1791 A force of 1,'100 n:glll:u''i. lc\~e'i and mililia under ~laiGL"l1Arthur 51 f:lair. governor of the Nonh\\cst Territon', is rOUled ill all allack on Iheir camp 011 the ea~lcrn branch ofthe Wabash River (ill pre~elH..da\ \\estern Ohio) b\ Indians numbering between 1.000 and 1,500. In \-Iml has become kllo\\n as 'St Clair's Defeat' more than llOOofficers and men are killed and some 300 wounded - relative LO Lhe ,iLL" of the force, the greatest ddeat ~ulTcred 1)\ the L'S Arm\ in its hi\lOn, 5 March 1792 Congress passes an act to rai-.e 'al the discrerion ofwe pre~ident',lor lhree \'ears: I ..quadron ofdragoolH (of Itroops) ~ l"eg-illlents of infamn- in addition to the IWO in sen;ce (each of 4 goO rank and file and org<mised in 3 banalions) AnotherrobuaUrbuilt offic:er_UCol WIlliam Dartte, whoc:ommandeda battalion 01 Levlea rlll.ect from the VirgInia militia duringthedlallilroua ngl c:ampllign. In thlapainting byFrederickK-.nmelmeyerhla uniformla cllt In Iheatyleoftheday, .IthoughtheKarlet·faced blueCOllthaaaf.ll-down collarrlltherthanthemore faahlonableatandln.g 0'rI"-lInd-fall lorma. Notethe ailve,orwhit.edgingtohla'Klnga, thetwoalive, epiIluletl_Indk:aUngfield rllnk,and Iheallverplateon thewhiteawordbelt; M (:llmeaa ..beranda dirt<.Inthe bec:kgroundtroopawith'blld bayonet.areahownctNU'V!n.g Indians; Dartte ledth...suc:hchargon.,all Inefleeti\le, duringStCtal...clefeal,yel mlrll(:ulouaty...nrlvlldwith onlya slightwound,The_Id.....- d.......ed In blue<:oat_ w;u,redfKlng..whit.'lftt..brown linen overall.. round nata,and 'bellybo.es'- IIlm"tc:ertalnlyrepreaent hh LevleL(CourteayTheMlrMUmof EarlySouthem DecoralhteArta) 27 December 1792 Thc presideIII directs the reorgani~tdonof Ihe milil<ln estilblishmelll (as allowed b\ Ihe ,ICI of 5 M.lfch Ii92) illlo the 'Legion of the United Slates', under the command of :\l;tiGell Anthom Wavne. The Ll'J,rlon is 10 be fonned into ,I Sub u.:gions. e.tch consisting of: 3 b.·J.lIalions ofinfalltn (of<I companil:s) I haltalion ofrifle troops (of'1companies) I troop ofdr;:tgoons I compam ofanillen 9 May 1794 Congress pa~s an act to organise a 'Corps of Anillerbt!> and Engineers' 10 be incorporated wilh the aniller) already in sen;ce, 10 be fOI"l11(.'d in I hattaliom of 10 companies each. 30June 1794 Following the successful ambush of a sllppl} lrain, SOllle I,~OO Indians engage the relief lorce 1>Cnt from nearby Fort Recovery and thell alti.u:k the poSt, but arc fOllgh! ofrb~ the garri'on ofu'giotl regulars. 20 August 1794 Afler advancing against the :\'Iiallli \'illap;es 011 tht· I\latlllH~e River, WayIll: and 1,000 Legion troops and KClltucky 11101l111l'd voltlll!eers defeat an Indian lorce of approximately 1,000 (including wnl(' 100 Canadian \ulunteers disguised as Indians) at the ballic of Fallen Timbers, breaking tht: slrt:nglll oftht: allied tribcs. 3 AUgtL'i1 1795 The Treaty of Gret:nvillt: is signed with tilt.' Indians. who cede most ofthe lands thai comprise prt:scllt-da} Ollio and eastenl Indiana. 31 October 1796 The military establishment of the L'nited Stales is reduced 10: The corps ofarlil1eri~t.sand engincers 2 troopsoflight dragoons, 10serve on horse or fOOl -I regiments ofinfantry (each of8 companies) 27 April 1797 C.ongre'iS passes an an 10 prmidc for an additional (2nd) regimenl ofartillerists .md el1hrlneers of3 bauaJions, each with 12companies. 5 16 July 1798 [n the opening davs of lhe 'Qua~i·\\'ar' \\'itb France, Congress passes an act to auglllclll the anm by l~li,ing: 12additional regimelltsofinfallln (giving a lotal of16) I regiment ofdragoons (2 ofits 8 troops alrea(h in <;('r"ice) 14 May 1800 The threat of pos~ibtc \\711' or ill\"asiotl having passed, C.ongress di.schargc..'S all onicers and men I~li,ed under the acts 10 augmelll the arm}', except: 2 regiments ofartilleristsand engineers 2 troops ofdragoons 4 regimentsofinfantr... 16 March 1802 Congress fixe~ the Militar\ Peace Establishment of the eSA to consistof: 1regimelll ofartillen of5 battalions (each of" comp.'mics) 2 regiments ofinfanu... (each of10companies) Acorpsofengineers (nOl to exceed 20officcl'~and cadets) A military acadenn, to be supcnised b\ the chiefengineer 28 February 1803 C..nngress alilholise~ additional teachingst<l.fTfor the acadenl\, and I artificerand 18enlisted men for theColllSofEngineers, 180~1806 The Prmince ofLouisiana b officialh ceded to the L"SA b\ France (who had onJ... receiH'd it from Sp.lin three weeks earlier) on 20 December 1803. in the \\'lkc of the Louisiana Purchase. L'S regular forces begin to establish nc\\ milit3n POStS along the ~lississippi Ri\er \<l.lle\. Parties largeh dr.mll from l'S Arm\ personnel explore the \'l$1 11("\\ \\estern terrilories. Tensions with Sp.,in are exacerbated as 'filibustering' expeditions largeh recruited and mounted from the US threaten the Spanish borderlands and ~Iexico. 12 April 1808 In the aftennath ofthe 'UI'5fl/l'nk""/.Nt/KlnlAffair' and in anticipation ofwar \\ith Great Britain, a C.ongrcssional act is passed to raise, in addition to those corps then in ~nice: I regiment oflight artillen' (of 10companies) WhileWayneand his Legion mountedtheircampaign agalnat the Ohio Indlenl In 17g4, PrnldentWashington callad oul IIvolunteerarmylrom the militia 10 IUpp....the 'Whiskey Insurrec:tlon' Inweltern Pennsylvania_.n.grarlan revolt aplnlttheFeder.1eldsetalon locallyproducedliquor. M.ny01 thevolunleerawe..armed, equippedandevenunllormed bytheFedllralllOvllmmenl. Washington"~01the Virginia andMarylandwingofthe armyat FortCumberlandon 2O<:tober t7a4 ladepletedhere byFredllrlc:kI(emmel~.... 6 (Courtesy,WInterthurMuseuml I regiment ofliglll dragoons (of8 troop:.) I regiment ofrinemen (of 10companies) 5additional regiments ofinfantl"\ (each of 10companies) 7 Nm'cmber 1811 Al the battleofTippecanOt'.Governor\\ilJiam Ilenn Harrison and hisanm (consistingofthe 4th CS Infamn. Indiana militia and Kemuc,,", \"olumccrs) are surprised in their encampment In an earh-morning att;.lcK b\ Indians under The Prophet. but succeed in sah-dging a \'ino!'} from ncar-defeat. This breaks the po....er of the confederated Indian tribes in tile l':orthwest Terrilon·. UNIFORMS: THE FRONTIER CONSTABULARY FORCE, 1784-91 --- DUI;ng 178+-85 lhe handful ofregular troops lefl in me sen;ce ofthe United Stales were clothed in me same 1\1>C of unifonns that tilt:' had pn:vioush 1'001 in the Continental Anm at the closeoftheWarfor Independence. II had been directed. b\ General Ordersof6 December 1782, that 'the Cnifonn of the American Ca\'all"\ and Infantn shall in futurc be, blue ground, \,'itll red facings and ....hite liningsand buttons', while thcanillen would 'retain it!>present uniform' (blue'lithscarletor red facings and linings and ~ellow tl;mmings). This initial attcmpt to provide aconsistelll llnifonn dr~ssofblue \\'ith scarletor red facings for UniH'd Stales troops would he followed in practice. 10 a large degree, lllllilllle Warof1812. In ~la}' 1783. during the waning- months of the war and in anticipalion of lhe impending trcat\' \\;th Creal Ikitain. Cen George \\'a~hingtoll directed Cell Ilenl"\' Knox to pro\;de the l..ondnental Congress\\;th cost estimate~for troops intended tobe raised (orkept in sen;ce) to OCCUP\ the frontier posts ofthe ne\\ nation. Included in me resulting (:stimates was a statemelll ofthe nccess.ln anicles ofunifonn dress \,'i1h componelll brCill..downs and their associated costs. This Detailfrom theKemmelmey.r p.lnllngoftheFort Cumberland .....I.w. Oespit.thenal.... executionofthebKkllround tlgu u..¥Oluntea..•bh~e c_t withredtKlne••white ......tsando...eraltsck>sely ~b"thosewom byregu,,"r Int....tty.andm.yh.aYabaRn pn:wlded from....rplu.legion slockS; nolethe roundhatsand lheu..ofbellybo••••The office..W.artull-aklrte<lc_ts andcocke<l tlats.whilethe 'music'aAi Incoateasof .........dcolon.(Court.sy. Wlnt.rthurMuseum) 7 c~tin];lte rrovide~ addition;11 imi!{llls imu the form ofclolhill!{ l\picllh furnished for l'l\li~lt'd(:otllincntal infalllryat the clos<-' ofthe 1\;lr. In ket.'pill!{ \\ith the 17R2direni\·e. uniform com.'>wen: to be of bllll' cloth with '\C'lrlt.'t lapcl~, cllfT~ and collarand white~hallooJlIinillg~.With onIv ,Ill il\l'I'age of 1I. \'mds of blue "/. (E'·lin width) cloth illIo\\ed per coal.we knowthat th(·\ I\t.'refairh shon!{arlllellL';.probabh onh coming down to mid·thigh. although lhe skins had full tumb,leks join('d u>gether b\ a hook-and-c\e arrangemenL With onIv V, \"anl of cloth prmided for f.ICing" (ill' oppo"Cd 10 the V. "ard .lllowed ill Brili~h ;\rnn coaL~ lIl.lcle according to lhe 1768 warr.nu). Wl' 1I1il\ deduct.' th,ll lhe '\Carll'l lap(_·I... CliO" and cape were probabh fairh Jlarrml. The H'commelHkd .1Ilnll.11 i...~u(' .11'iO included a ·\e.t with skin."; or\\;Ii,lcu.ll and a pairofhrcl'cll('~.oolh of"hite cloth: a pair ofbille wool o\erall.... a pail' of linen O\l'rall~. a fell hal. and a hllllling shin of bro\\'n Iinl'n completed Ihe i-.slle. in addition 10<;hins. shoc<i. and siockings. When the Fir,,1 .\nwric.1Il Regiment was actualh I'aiscd durinJ.( 178+-8:;. we find IIMI 11ll' recruits dre\\ c10lhing \en Illuch in keeping wilh th.1l c1t''iCribed in Ill(' ahme e~limate. allhough .some exceptiom \\ere nnled. .\IO'it of thio; clothing was ~lIrpllls stock in siore frolll the old C.olllinelH.11 .\l"Im. and not all was of the Sinne form ur C(Jlnr combin'lIion<;. In j<muan l7AS iL<; commander. LlCoI Jo~iah IIanliar. ob'iCr\ed to one ofhi~compam commanders that 'some of\our Illen'~ coats are r<lced \\'ilh \\hite and some with red - I....ish \OU 10ende<lw)Ur 10 procure ,I "ufficil'llC\ ofScarlet, and aher the while in order tlMI Ihe Regiment ma\ be uniform..... UllIe coaL' \\;Ih white facinb~ had bl'ell preSC"ribed in 1779 for ,111 Continenlal u'oops from Ihe :\ew England Sidtes:1Il'1lI\ ofthe;,('werl' still in store. unaltered.,n the close ufIhe Wilr, dnd ....ere i,slIed to the nl'\\' lroops whenever and where\t~rsufficient quanlilie~ofred·f<lcl·d tlllif()rm~wcre unavailable.TheGlptain cumplied b, pllrcha~illg'iCilrkl doth from ~toppages 10 his men's rum ralion, which probahh IIIMIe him !e<;s Ihan popular among hi~ lhil"it\ hut now unifonnh clad men. The cocked hah fir't i"Sllt'd Olll to the new troopswere stilltrirntlled with the 'lInioll cockad(" of while OWl' hlack ribbon, adopted b, lhe l--ontincnt;11 Army in 1780 and spnholising the alliance ofro\~11 France with the United Slalc~ in lheir <;Irllggle for independence. [n.lul)' 17R~ Thl' detailfroms d..wlnll01the Ilarmar requl'~'edthclI-&'cf('laryat \\'''1' Knox'~ in~trucljonsin order to mllll.ry.,tsbllshmentslW.sl fix the colnr~ for a 'national' cockade for his 111cn. Knox. nOling: Ihat Polnl has be.nv.,louslydated betw••n 17i2snd 17i7, butI' noearll.,than 17i2- theyear lisarttst, Archibald Robert,on, Ilrstamved InNewYorkfrom SColland. Infront ofthebarraeks t.nbe...ns companyoftroops (Infantry0'.rtillary)In round hats, shortcoatssnd ov...II1"0"" commandedbyanoffie.rIn coal snd co<:ked hat.Ofgreat Int.....1....thedst1lspots purposelypl~edonthekneesof theove""s,whichsuggestthe uNofpatcn..or...infon;:ements msdefrom coatperine. cI.Plsle B3.(COurtesyUSMilibry Aclt6emyM.......m.WestPoint! lighl-colored cockade, wt:rt' impraclical. illstead decided upon mort· durable aud cheaper ones ...tamped from black leather. which had 'a respectableappear-mce hell the\'werepolished'. \1 The limiled ~mcks of \\'.lrtillle c10lhing were fast dimini~hing, hO\lc\l'f. forcing tilt" Board of TreasLlr\ 10 achertise in ~I,l\ IiSS for bids to furnish Ihe deficient clothing articles. These included. among other il('I11~. 120 aniller\' and -198 infant" coats: 110artille" haL~trimllled with lellO\\ cord lo()ping~and ;')C)() inf,mtro ont'S with whitl' loopinh....: IIhite woollen and linen O\er-tlls: and blad. lealher~toclsand c1a.~.p\. The ::"ewYork mercamile linn ofLlwTence ~. Morrisslicct.'Ssflllh sccured the contraCI. which h;ld been modified in time to include the traditional distinnion<; accorded 10 .)('rgeantS and 11l1l~ician<;. thank.<; 10 the w,nchful c\t~<; of ~l,ti :"icholas Fish. This officer reminded the Hoard that '\erge;uwi drl'SS \\,1~ ·...imilar 10 that of pn,.ue\· although with a 'small difference in the qualil\ ofthe CIOlh' and 'with uiflingbadge<;on theirShoulders':whilethe 'Colour of the Drummer<; & fifers Coats. is dctennined b\ that of the facings on the CoalS of the Banln. ~Ien - and lhe facing... regulated b\ the same rule'. :'1:01 onh were the sergeants' coats of betle,' nMtcrial<;. the\ were also longer (in imitation of the MajGen'MadAntnony'Wa~. cOlllmi~ioned officer.... wh~c <;kirts came dOlm to the knee). with Laogloncommand andvlctcM' IY. \,ard... ofblue c101h pro\'ided for the bod\' rather than Ibe IY: \<Irds ofFallenTlmbe p8lntedIn PhiladelphiabyJean-Pia,.,... allocated for pri\';nes' or Illusicians' coaL<;. Each sergeant recci\'ed two Henri El_lsln 11Monlymonths worsled epaulelles, while corporals recei"ed one (to he worn on thc belorehi.death. Now50and right shoulder). In addition to lhe contrasting color scheme, lhe mw.ic gout-ridden,Wa~Is.tlown coats were also laced with 20 \'ardsofbinding percoal. pointingtoacopyoftheTreaty De"pilc \uch last-minute improvements. lhe 17ft> COI11l<\Cl clothing: ofGreanville;again,tha Cincinnati eagleonhi.lapel rccei\'ed less Ihan stellar relit.'ws when i'isned that fall. Captain Douglll\' commemorllt....,..,IceInthe of lhe anillel') inf<w111cd Fi~h lhal he 'found the Men's Coat\ ~o vcr) W.rfor lnd.pendence.The defecti\'e fl'Olll Ihe mi\erable I\adne..s of lhe ClOlh. thai many of lhem generalolflc:er'.unlfo"" i. arc almost worn OIU', Thi" complainl 1\.1." echoed the following April hy bluewithbufflacing.and Lleol IlannaI', who nOlcd Ihal lhe coatswere of'lhe l\"Drst qualilYhcing smallclothe., trimmed withgilt buttonsand twogoldepauletles made ofa kind ofStroud or DutilI', Dought) procured for 'each i\lan a each bearingthetwostarsofhis new faleagu(' l'eSI mack ofblue cloth Wilh a red Cape & lineage' which r.nk. HI.walstco.tor'vest' has he hoped would be reimbursed by sloppages - a measure endorsed b\ a sl.ndlngeoltarand short liannaI', who allclllplcd lO obtain 'faligue coats' for the entire regiml't11 skirts, 11111~ulatlon for most 'in order to Sine the uniform ofthe men, & to be deducted out oftlll'ir olflce... Inlothe1.le17lKls. .Ithough 'round'orIIklrtless pa\'.A'ilateasr\Ugll..1171'16anolht'rollicercomplained that he had been v..ts_re.Ire.dypartofthe deli\'ered 20 ilHillen coat<; 'nOl Ullifonn being made during the war'; .nllstedmen"Issue.nd WIllf1l so the occasional ~tlrpltlSRt'\olUlionan uniform was slill 10 be found in sportedbym.nyofthemonI lhe ranks. f.shlonabl. offlc....(Court..y In AUbFJ,st 1786theTrc<lsun Board awarded the clothingcontntCI to TomP.......Collectlonl anolher mercantile linn, Turnbull, ~Iannie & Co., which prO\'icl('d similar uniforms, although Ihis tilll(" all ranks recd\'ed longer coats based on two \'ards of hoch cloth a\("raged per coat. \'e'its or jacket'i' 9

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