The United States and Imperialism PDF
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THE UNIT1ED STATES Problems in American History AND IMPERIALISM Series editor: Jack P. Greene Each volume focuses on a central theme in American history and provides greater analytical depth and historiographic coverage than standard textbook discussions normally allow. The intent of the series is to present in highly interpretive texts the unresolved questions of American history that are central to current debates and concerns. The texts will be concise enough to be supplemented with primary readings or core text books and are intended to provide brief syntheses of large subjects. Frank Ninkovich St John's University Already published Jacqueline Jones A Social History of the Laboring Classes Robert Buzzanca Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life Ronald Edsforth The New Deal UB Wuppertal Frank Ninkovich The United States and Imperialism In preparation I Ill 1111 111111 l Tom Purvis Causes of the American Revolution Norrece T. Jones Slavery and Antislavery 21 MHRE1362 Jack Rakove The American Constitution Robert Westbrook America and World War II Amy Turner Bushnell The Indian Wars Fraser Harbutt The Cold War Era Peter Onuf Jeffersonian America J. William Harris The American South Anne Butler The American West Richard Ellis The Jacksonian Era iJ David Hamilton The American State BLACKWELL Lacy K. Ford, Jr Journey to Civil War Donna Gabaccia Migration and the Making of America Publishers THE UNIT1ED STATES Problems in American History AND IMPERIALISM Series editor: Jack P. Greene Each volume focuses on a central theme in American history and provides greater analytical depth and historiographic coverage than standard textbook discussions normally allow. The intent of the series is to present in highly interpretive texts the unresolved questions of American history that are central to current debates and concerns. The texts will be concise enough to be supplemented with primary readings or core text books and are intended to provide brief syntheses of large subjects. Frank Ninkovich St John's University Already published Jacqueline Jones A Social History of the Laboring Classes Robert Buzzanca Vietnam and the Transformation of American Life Ronald Edsforth The New Deal UB Wuppertal Frank Ninkovich The United States and Imperialism In preparation I Ill 1111 111111 l Tom Purvis Causes of the American Revolution Norrece T. Jones Slavery and Antislavery 21 MHRE1362 Jack Rakove The American Constitution Robert Westbrook America and World War II Amy Turner Bushnell The Indian Wars Fraser Harbutt The Cold War Era Peter Onuf Jeffersonian America J. William Harris The American South Anne Butler The American West Richard Ellis The Jacksonian Era iJ David Hamilton The American State BLACKWELL Lacy K. Ford, Jr Journey to Civil War Donna Gabaccia Migration and the Making of America Publishers Copyright© Frank Ninkovich 2001 The right of Frank Ninkovich to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. To Amanda, Richard, and Marina First published 2001 24681097531 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 3 5 0 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 lJF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or other wise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being im posed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ninkovich, Frank A., 1944- The United States and imperialism/ Frank Ninkovich. p. cm. - {Problems in American history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57718-055-0 (acid-free paper) - ISBN 1-57718-056-9 (pbk.: acid-free paper) 1. United States-Foreign relations-20th century. 2. United States-Territorial expansion. 3. Imperialism-History-20th century. 4. Anti-impeGrialIis t movemen..t s-U.nit ed States-History -20th century. 5. World politics-20th century. L Title. II. Series. E744 . N544 2001 325' 32'0973-d 21 UNI_VERSITATS . c BIBUOTHEK 00-010179 ~ - British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Saban by Ace Filmsetting Ltd, Frame, Somerset Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright© Frank Ninkovich 2001 The right of Frank Ninkovich to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. To Amanda, Richard, and Marina First published 2001 24681097531 Blackwell Publishers Inc. 3 5 0 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 lJF UK All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or other wise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being im posed on the subsequent purchaser. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ninkovich, Frank A., 1944- The United States and imperialism/ Frank Ninkovich. p. cm. - {Problems in American history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57718-055-0 (acid-free paper) - ISBN 1-57718-056-9 (pbk.: acid-free paper) 1. United States-Foreign relations-20th century. 2. United States-Territorial expansion. 3. Imperialism-History-20th century. 4. Anti-impeGrialIis t movemen..t s-U.nit ed States-History -20th century. 5. World politics-20th century. L Title. II. Series. E744 . N544 2001 325' 32'0973-d 21 UNI_VERSITATS . c BIBUOTHEK 00-010179 ~ - British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Saban by Ace Filmsetting Ltd, Frame, Somerset Printed in Great Britain by T.J. International, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgments vm Introduction l 1 Imperialism and National Identity in the 1890s 9 2 Failed Expectations: The Civilizing Mission in the Philippines 48 3 America's Caribbean Empire 91 4 The Modernization of China and the Diplomacy of Imperialism 153 5 Imperialism and Anti-imperialism in America's World Policies 200 6 Beyond Imperialism: The Empire of Modernity 247 Notes 255 Index 290 Acknowledgments ix me at a time when I was bbginning to wonder how cogent they really were. For a variety of reasons, I did not follow all the helpful advice offered by these two scholars. Thus I bear full responsibility for all remaining sins of commission and om1ss1on. Acknowledgments I would like to express my thanks to some of the many people who have contributed to the making of this book. Although I had long been thinking of writing about the US and imperial ism, without Jack P. Greene's offer to join his series I am not certain that I would have started such a project on my own. The editorial staff at Blackwell - Susan Rabinowitz, Ken Provencher, and Leanda Shrimpton - have been very helpful and patient, despite occasional grumpy outbursts and protracted silences from the author. Sue Ashton was especially good natured and efficient in copy-editing the volume, saving me from many stupid mistakes. My wife, Carol, who suffered in silence for the entire pe riod in which I was actually enjoying myself in composing this work, showed great patience. I have said this many times before, but it bears repeating: the study of history is a commu nal enterprise. Without the work of hundreds of scholars, not all of whom have been acknowledged in these pages, this book could not have been written. I am especially grateful to Robert David Johnson, a pioneer in the study of anti-imperialism. It is fair to say that without the benefit of his scholarly contribu tions this book would have been far less sophisticated con ceptually. In addition, his close reading of the manuscript saved me from many errors. Akira Iriye was kind enough to look at the manuscript at a late stage and to explain my arguments to Acknowledgments ix me at a time when I was bbginning to wonder how cogent they really were. For a variety of reasons, I did not follow all the helpful advice offered by these two scholars. Thus I bear full responsibility for all remaining sins of commission and om1ss1on. Acknowledgments I would like to express my thanks to some of the many people who have contributed to the making of this book. Although I had long been thinking of writing about the US and imperial ism, without Jack P. Greene's offer to join his series I am not certain that I would have started such a project on my own. The editorial staff at Blackwell - Susan Rabinowitz, Ken Provencher, and Leanda Shrimpton - have been very helpful and patient, despite occasional grumpy outbursts and protracted silences from the author. Sue Ashton was especially good natured and efficient in copy-editing the volume, saving me from many stupid mistakes. My wife, Carol, who suffered in silence for the entire pe riod in which I was actually enjoying myself in composing this work, showed great patience. I have said this many times before, but it bears repeating: the study of history is a commu nal enterprise. Without the work of hundreds of scholars, not all of whom have been acknowledged in these pages, this book could not have been written. I am especially grateful to Robert David Johnson, a pioneer in the study of anti-imperialism. It is fair to say that without the benefit of his scholarly contribu tions this book would have been far less sophisticated con ceptually. In addition, his close reading of the manuscript saved me from many errors. Akira Iriye was kind enough to look at the manuscript at a late stage and to explain my arguments to "Another Old Woman Tries to Sweep Back the Sea' - New York Journal, in Review of Reviews, May 1898. In the aftermath of the sinking of the USS Maine, many Americans accused a cautious President McKinley of engaging in an unmanly attempt to hold back the irrepressible tide of a warlike public opinion. "How Some Apprehensive People Picture Uncle Sam after the War" -Detroit News, 1898. Even among those who approved of the new overseas acquisitions, there was a sense that the administration of empire would not be easy. "Another Old Woman Tries to Sweep Back the Sea' - New York Journal, in Review of Reviews, May 1898. In the aftermath of the sinking of the USS Maine, many Americans accused a cautious President McKinley of engaging in an unmanly attempt to hold back the irrepressible tide of a warlike public opinion. "How Some Apprehensive People Picture Uncle Sam after the War" -Detroit News, 1898. Even among those who approved of the new overseas acquisitions, there was a sense that the administration of empire would not be easy. . ; "The White Man's Burden" -Thomas May of the Detroit Journal, as reprinted • in the Literary Digest 18 (February 18, 1899): 180. This cartoon reinforces the "_ "" :-...-:-;: ~ commonplace view that modernity had to be introduced forcefully to pre .:~::-(..-. -,-:j~,.,'~j}1 'i1.-\. : , industrial societies. ~\~~-~ "After the First Mile" - W. L. Evans(?), Cleveland Leader, 1903. Americans were at first well satisfied with the results of the reforms introduced during the military occupation of Cuba.
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