The UK Air Almanac - HMNAO Astronomical Data Portal - United

87 Pages·2011·3.82 MB·English

THE UK AIR ALMANAC
2012
Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office
AP1602
2012 Edition
THE UK
AIR ALMANAC
FOR THE YEAR
2012
Prepared by
S.A. Bell
C.Y. Hohenkerk
D.B. Taylor
J.M. Weratschnig
Her Majesty’s Nautical Almanac Office
The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
2011
The UK Air Almanac, 2012 TEX ukaa12
(cid:2)c Crown Copyright 2011
This publication is protected by international copyright
law.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,stored
inaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor
otherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofTheUK
Hydrographic Office, Admiralty Way, Taunton, Somerset
TA12DN,UnitedKingdom.
NOTE
Everycareistakentopreventerrorsintheproductionof
thispublication. Asafinalprecautionitisrecommended
that the sequence of pages in this copy be examined on
receipt.Iffaulty,itshouldbereturnedforreplacement.
The UK Air Almanac, 2012 TEX ukaa12
PREFACE
ThisisthefifteentheditionofThe UK Air Almanac,whichispreparedbyHMNautical
AlmanacOffice,UnitedKingdomHydrographicOffice,underthesupervisionofS.A.Bell,
C.Y.Hohenkerk,D.B.TaylorandJ.M.Weratschnig.Itcontainsdatausefulfortheplanning
of activities where the level of illumination is important, particularly aircraft movements,
and is produced to the general requirements of the Royal Air Force. From edition 2011
onwards, it is published only in electronic form.
This volume can be regarded as an abridged version of The Air Almanac, which is no
longer published in the United Kingdom. For the purposes of continuity this publication
retains the designation Air Publication 1602. The UK Air Almanac contains information
on the times of rising and setting of the Sun and Moon as well as twilight times in a
tabular form for latitudes between N72◦ and S60◦. Graphical methods for determining
this information at altitudes of up to 60000 feet and at high latitudes are also provided.
The illumination of the Moon and times of meridian passage of the Sun are tabulated.
Standard times are also given for many places around the world. We would welcome any
suggestions for improving the content of this volume.
Mr. M. S. Robinson
Chief Executive, UK Hydrographic Office
The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office
Admiralty Way
Taunton
Somerset, TA1 2DN
England
September 2011
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THE UK AIR ALMANAC, 2012
Typeset using TEX
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Page
Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Aim and Principle
1. Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Risings, Settings and Twilights
3. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Sunrise, Sunset, Twilight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Moonrise and Moonset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Sunlight and Moonlight Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7. Corrections for Height of Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. Percentage of the Moon Illuminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Standard Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Conversion of Arc to Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11. Interpolation of Moonrise and Moonset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Sunrise, Sunset Times (even pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Civil Twilight Times (odd pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Moonrise, Moonset Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Rising, Setting and Depression Graphs
Latitudes 72◦, 70◦, 68◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Latitudes 66◦, 64◦, 62◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Latitudes 60◦, 58◦, 56◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Latitudes 54◦, 52◦, 50◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Latitudes 45◦ – 0◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 1 — Meridian Passage and Declination of the Sun at 12hUT . . . . . . 67
Tables 2 and 3 — Depression of Sun at Various Heights . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Semiduration of Sunlight, Twilight, latitudes N65◦ – N90◦ . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Semiduration of Moonlight, latitudes N65◦ – N90◦
January – April . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
May – August . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
September – December . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Percentage of the Moon Illuminated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Standard Times
List I — Places Fast on UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
List II — Places Normally Keeping UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
List III — Places Slow on UTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Conversion of Arc to Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Interpolation of Moonrise and Moonset for Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Publications of HM Nautical Almanac Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
World Map of Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Last page
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2 CALENDAR, 2012
DAYS OF THE WEEK AND DAYS OF THE YEAR
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC.
Day Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr Wk Yr
1 Su. 1 W. 32 Th.61 Su. 92 Tu.122 F. 153 Su. 183 W. 214 Sa. 245 M. 275 Th.306 Sa. 336
2 M. 2 Th.33 F. 62 M. 93 W. 123 Sa. 154 M. 184 Th.215 Su. 246 Tu.276 F. 307 Su. 337
3 Tu. 3 F. 34 Sa. 63 Tu. 94 Th.124 Su. 155 Tu.185 F. 216 M. 247 W. 277 Sa. 308 M. 338
4 W. 4 Sa. 35 Su. 64 W. 95 F. 125 M. 156 W. 186 Sa. 217 Tu.248 Th.278 Su. 309 Tu.339
5 Th. 5 Su. 36 M. 65 Th. 96 Sa. 126 Tu.157 Th.187 Su. 218 W. 249 F. 279 M. 310 W. 340
6 F. 6 M. 37 Tu.66 F. 97 Su. 127 W. 158 F. 188 M. 219 Th.250 Sa. 280 Tu.311 Th.341
7 Sa. 7 Tu.38 W. 67 Sa. 98 M. 128 Th.159 Sa. 189 Tu.220 F. 251 Su. 281 W. 312 F. 342
8 Su. 8 W. 39 Th.68 Su. 99 Tu.129 F. 160 Su. 190 W. 221 Sa. 252 M. 282 Th.313 Sa. 343
9 M. 9 Th.40 F. 69 M. 100 W. 130 Sa. 161 M. 191 Th.222 Su. 253 Tu.283 F. 314 Su. 344
10 Tu.10 F. 41 Sa. 70 Tu.101 Th.131 Su. 162 Tu.192 F. 223 M. 254 W. 284 Sa. 315 M. 345
11 W. 11 Sa. 42 Su. 71 W. 102 F. 132 M. 163 W. 193 Sa. 224 Tu.255 Th.285 Su. 316 Tu.346
12 Th.12 Su. 43 M. 72 Th.103 Sa. 133 Tu.164 Th.194 Su. 225 W. 256 F. 286 M. 317 W. 347
13 F. 13 M. 44 Tu.73 F. 104 Su. 134 W. 165 F. 195 M. 226 Th.257 Sa. 287 Tu.318 Th.348
14 Sa. 14 Tu.45 W. 74 Sa. 105 M. 135 Th.166 Sa. 196 Tu.227 F. 258 Su. 288 W. 319 F. 349
15 Su. 15 W. 46 Th.75 Su. 106 Tu.136 F. 167 Su. 197 W. 228 Sa. 259 M. 289 Th.320 Sa. 350
16 M. 16 Th.47 F. 76 M. 107 W. 137 Sa. 168 M. 198 Th.229 Su. 260 Tu.290 F. 321 Su. 351
17 Tu.17 F. 48 Sa. 77 Tu.108 Th.138 Su. 169 Tu.199 F. 230 M. 261 W. 291 Sa. 322 M. 352
18 W. 18 Sa. 49 Su. 78 W. 109 F. 139 M. 170 W. 200 Sa. 231 Tu.262 Th.292 Su. 323 Tu.353
19 Th.19 Su. 50 M. 79 Th.110 Sa. 140 Tu.171 Th.201 Su. 232 W. 263 F. 293 M. 324 W. 354
20 F. 20 M. 51 Tu.80 F. 111 Su. 141 W. 172 F. 202 M. 233 Th.264 Sa. 294 Tu.325 Th.355
21 Sa. 21 Tu.52 W. 81 Sa. 112 M. 142 Th.173 Sa. 203 Tu.234 F. 265 Su. 295 W. 326 F. 356
22 Su. 22 W. 53 Th.82 Su. 113 Tu.143 F. 174 Su. 204 W. 235 Sa. 266 M. 296 Th.327 Sa. 357
23 M. 23 Th.54 F. 83 M. 114 W. 144 Sa. 175 M. 205 Th.236 Su. 267 Tu.297 F. 328 Su. 358
24 Tu.24 F. 55 Sa. 84 Tu.115 Th.145 Su. 176 Tu.206 F. 237 M. 268 W. 298 Sa. 329 M. 359
25 W. 25 Sa. 56 Su. 85 W. 116 F. 146 M. 177 W. 207 Sa. 238 Tu.269 Th.299 Su. 330 Tu.360
26 Th.26 Su. 57 M. 86 Th.117 Sa. 147 Tu.178 Th.208 Su. 239 W. 270 F. 300 M. 331 W. 361
27 F. 27 M. 58 Tu.87 F. 118 Su. 148 W. 179 F. 209 M. 240 Th.271 Sa. 301 Tu.332 Th.362
28 Sa. 28 Tu.59 W. 88 Sa. 119 M. 149 Th.180 Sa. 210 Tu.241 F. 272 Su. 302 W. 333 F. 363
29 Su. 29 W. 60 Th.89 Su. 120 Tu.150 F. 181 Su. 211 W. 242 Sa. 273 M. 303 Th.334 Sa. 364
30 M. 30 F. 90 M. 121 W. 151 Sa. 182 M. 212 Th.243 Su. 274 Tu.304 F. 335 Su. 365
31 Tu.31 Sa. 91 Th.152 Tu.213 F. 244 W. 305 M. 366
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EXPLANATION 3
AIMANDPRINCIPLE
1. Object. The object of The UK Air Almanac is to provide in a convenient form
astronomicaldatarequiredfortheplanningofactivities,inparticularaircraftmovements,
where the amount of daylight, the duration of twilight, and the position and phase of the
Moon are important.
2. Layout. This annual volume contains tabular data for the rising and setting of the
Sun and Moon and times of civil twilight, for latitudes N72◦ to S60◦. The times of the
phenomena are given to the nearest minute which is sufficient for most purposes. For the
polarregionsthisinformationispresentedgraphically. Tablesandgraphsfordetermining
corrections to the times of these phenomena due to the height of the observer are also
given. A brief explanation of the use of this volume is included.
RISINGS,SETTINGSANDTWILIGHT
3. General. The tables give the UT times of the phenomena at suitable intervals of
latitude,fortheGreenwichmeridian;timesforotherdatesandlocationsmaybeobtained
by interpolation. At rising and setting, the times given are those at which the upper limb
of the body is coincident with the horizon; corrections have been made for semidiameter,
parallax (ignored for the Sun) and atmospheric refraction (34(cid:4)). At civil twilight the Sun
is 6◦ below the horizon.
In high latitudes the Sun or Moon may be above or below the horizon all day, or
civil twilight may last all night. The following symbols indicate the occurrence of these
conditions:
Sun or Moon remains continuously above the horizon;
Sun or Moon remains continuously below the horizon;
//// Twilightlastsallnight;i.e.,theSunislessthan6◦ belowthehorizonatmidnight,and
it is always lighter than at the beginning of morning or end of evening civil twilight.
Forpolarregionstimesofrise, setandtwilightmaybeobtainedfromthesemiduration
graphs pages 69 and 70-72.
4. Sunrise,Sunset,Twilight. TheUTtimesofthesunriseandsunset,andthebeginning
and end of civil twilight, for latitudes N72◦ to S60◦, for the Greenwich meridian, are
tabulated on pages 10-25, at an interval of three days. The UT of these phenomena,
they may be taken, without significant error, to be the Local Mean Time (LMT) of the
phenomena for any other meridian, since UT=LMTat Greenwich. To obtain the UT of
a phenomenon at a particular place, the longitude must be converted to time (by means
of the table on page 78 or otherwise) and applied (east −, west +) to the LMT thus:
UT=LMT−east(+west)longitude
Usually it will be sufficiently accurate to use the times given for the nearest tabular date,
or, to find the following or preceding phenomenon it is sufficiently accurate to add or
subtract 24h, changing the Greenwich date by one day.
Examples. TheUTofbeginningofmorningtwilightandsunriseforlongitudeE135◦39(cid:4),
andofsunsetandendofeveningtwilightforlongitudeW115◦13(cid:4),arerequiredinlatitude
N33◦20(cid:4) on 1998 January 1.
Twilight Sunrise Sunset Twilight
Page4,nearestdateJan.2 h m h m h m h m
LatitudeN33◦20(cid:4) 06 37 07 04 17 04 17 31
Longitude(page78) E135◦39(cid:4) −9 03 −9 03 W115◦13(cid:4) +7 41 +7 41
21 34 22 01 00 45 01 12
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4 EXPLANATION
Extracts from The UK Air Almanac,
Dec. January Dec. January January
1998,forusewiththeexamplesgiven Lat. 30 2 5 Lat. 30 2 5 Lat. 1
in the Explanation.
Page Sunrise MorningCivilTwilight Moonrise
Sunrise and Sunset 10 ◦ h m h m h m ◦ h m h m h m ◦ h m m
N40 0722 0722 0722 N40 0651 0652 0652 N56 0954+17
Civil twilight 11 35 0708 0708 0709 35 39 40 41 N54 094·8·· 18
30 0655 0656 0657 30 29 30 30
S 10 0814+29
Moonrise and moonset 26 N20 0634 0635 0636 N20 0610 0611 0612 S 20 0802 30
Sunlight and twilight 69 Sunset EveningCivilTwilight Moonset
Semiduration of moonlight 70 N40 1644 1646 1649 N40 1714 1717 1719 N56 1929+39
35 1658 1700 1702 35 26 28 30 N54 1935 38
···
30 1710 12 14 30 36 38 40
S 10 2100+26
N20 1731 1733 1735 N20 1755 1757 1758 S 20 2109 24
12:05 12:10 12:14 12:14 12:10 12:05 12:00 11:57 11:57 12:00
N85o N85o
SEMIDURATION OF SUNLIGHT
N80o N80o
SUN BELOW SUN ABOVE
HORIZON HORIZON
N75o N75o
N70o 0h 2h 4h 6h 8h 10h 12h N70o
1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
6h8h
N85o N85o
NO TWILIGHT 4h 3h DURATION OF TWILIGHT
OR SUNLIGHT
N80o 2h N80o
CONTINUOUS TWILIGHT
3h OR SUNLIGHT
N75o 0h 1h20m N75o
1h
N70o 2h 1h N70o
2h48m
50m
1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 16 1
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
18h 0h 6h 12h
N85o N85o
N80o N80o
MOON ABOVE MOON BELOW
HORIZON HORIZON
N75o 12h 12h 0h 0h N75o
N70o 4h 6h 8h 10h 10h 8h 6h 4h 2h 2h 4h N70o
SEMIDURATION OF MOONLIGHT
JANUARY 5 10 15 20 25 30
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EXPLANATION 5
Thedegreeofilluminationatthebeginningofmorningandendofeveningciviltwilight
(in good conditions and in the absence of other illumination) is such that the brightest
stars are just visible, and terrestrial objects can be easily distinguished.
CiviltwilightbeginsandendswhentheSunis6◦ belowthehorizon; thisisanarbitrary
condition, and other depressions of the Sun consistent with the degrees of illumination
required should be used for planning purposes. Different levels of illumination can be
defined to correspond to other depressions and, in particular, nautical twilight begins and
ends when the Sun is 12◦ below the horizon. The degree of illumination at the beginning
and end of nautical twilight (in good conditions and in the absence of other illumination)
issuchthatgeneraloutlinesofgroundobjectsarevisible,althoughthehorizonisprobably
indistinct, all detailed operations have become impossible and all the navigational stars
can be seen.
The graphs on pages 62-66 enable the times to be found for any twilight which
corresponds to a depression of the Sun of less than 12◦.
5. Moonrise and Moonset. The UT times of moonrise and moonset for latitudes N72◦
to S60◦, for the Greenwich meridian, are tabulated daily on pages 26-61.
Since the interval between successive moonrises or moonsets varies (and is generally
greaterthan24h),timesofriseorsetmustbeinterpolatedfromtheirtabularvaluesonthe
meridian of Greenwich to the meridian of the observer. Interpolation from UT to LMT
may be accomplished by using the half-daily differences (“Diff.”) tabulated in the shaded
column, and the table “Interpolation of Moonrise, Moonset for Longitude”, printed on
page79. ThetableisenteredwithDiff.andlongitude,andthereductiontoLMT,selected
without interpolation, is applied to the tabular UT with the same sign as the Diff. for
west longitudes and with the opposite sign for east longitudes. This interpolation cannot
be made in extreme conditions, when a symbol (*) is given in the shaded column.
It may happen that an interpolated time so found is for the day before or after that
required, in which case the time on the date required can be determined by adding, or
subtracting, twice the Diff. and advancing, or decreasing, the date by a day. Each month
there will be one day (near last quarter) on which there is no moonrise, and another
(near first quarter) on which there is no moonset; when this happens for the Greenwich
meridian, the time of the next phenomenon is listed twice, the first time with a value
greater than 24h to indicate that the phenomenon occurs on the following day. This is
done to provide a starting point for the calculation of the times of the phenomena in
other longitudes.
Examples. The UT of moonrise and moonset are required for (i) latitude N55◦00(cid:4),
longitude E173◦37(cid:4) and (ii) latitude S15◦10(cid:4), longitude W53◦37(cid:4), on 1998 January 1.
(i)Moonrise (i)Moonset (ii)Moonrise (ii)Moonset
1998Jan.1(page4) d h m m d h m m d h m m d h m m
Latitude N55◦00(cid:4) Jan. 1095118 Jan.1193239 S15◦10(cid:4) Jan. 1080830 Jan. 1210525
Table(page79) E173◦37(cid:4) −20 −40 W53◦37(cid:4) +10 +08
LMT Jan. 10931 Jan.11852 Jan. 10818 Jan. 12113
Long.(page78) E173◦37(cid:4) −1134 −1134 W53◦37(cid:4) + 334 + 334
UT Dec.312157 Jan.10718 Jan. 11152 Jan. 20047
TwiceDiff. +36 −50
UT+or− 1day Jan. 12233 Dec.312357
The example (ii) Moonset shows that no moonset occurs in this position on January 1.
6. Sunlight and Moonlight Graphs. The graphs on pages 69 and 70-72 give data
concerning the rising and setting of the Sun and Moon and the duration of twilight for
high latitudes. Graphs are given instead of tables for high latitudes because they give a
clearer picture of the phenomena and of the attainable accuracy in any given case. In
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