The Tyranny of the Ideal The Tyranny of the Ideal Justice in a Diverse society Gerald Gaus P r i n c e to n u n i v e r s i t y P r e s s Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2016 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved ISBN 978- 0- 691- 15880- 8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930321 British Library Cataloging- in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Linux Libertine Printed on acid- free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For my graduate students, with thanks for all they have taught me For those who have eaten from the tree of knowledge, paradise is lost. — Karl PoPPer, The Open Society and Its Enemies Summary of Contents Preface xv chaPter i The Allure of the Ideal: Orienting the Quest for Justice 1 chaPter ii The Elusive Ideal: Searching under a Single Perspective 42 chaPter iii The Fractured Ideal: Searching with Diverse Perspectives 105 chaPter iv The Nonideal: The Open Society 150 chaPter v Advancing from the Citadel 241 Appendixes 251 Works Cited 265 Index 279