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The Two Faces of Justice The Two Faces of Justice Jiwei Ci Harvard University Press Cambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,England 2006 Copyright©2006bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ci,Jiwei,1955– TheTwofacesofJustice / JiweiCi. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-674-02160-6 1.Justice(Philosophy) I.Title. B105.J87C522006 172′.2—dc22 2005043545 Formyparents andinmemoryofmygrandmother Acknowledgments Workingontheﬁrstdraftofthisbookwas,forbetterorforworse,largely a solitary experience. A number of people subsequently gave me valuable help in improving the manuscript; I especially thank Annette Baier, Neil Cooper,ChrisFraser,LiangZhiping,WangXiaoying,andWuFen.Forin- tellectual conversations, in person or by writing, that have contributed in more or less direct ways to making this a better book, I am indebted to Daniel A. Bell, Nicholas Bunnin, Joseph Chan, Raymond Geuss, David Konstan,ChristopherNew,DanRobins,JoanScott,MichaelWalzer,Wan Junren,WangYunping,XuMing,andXuYinong.Mydeepestthanksgo toRaymondGeussforthemostwonderfulsupport,help,andencourage- mentimaginable. Iamgratefulforfellowshipsawardedbyseveralinstitutionsforprojects thatwere,orturnedouttobe,relatedtoworkonthisbook:theNational HumanitiesCenter,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCarolina;theVirginia Foundation for the Humanities and Public Policy; and the School of So- cialScience,InstituteforAdvancedStudy,Princeton. In two chapters of the book I draw on material that has appeared be- fore, in HistoryofPhilosophyQuarterly 15 (1998) and PoliticalTheory 33 (2005). I thank North American Philosophical Publications and Sage Publications,respectively,forpermissiontodoso. IowespecialgratitudetotwoanonymousrefereesforHarvardUniver- sityPress.Oneofthem,ThomasPogge,hasshedhisanonymity,anditisa pleasuretothankhimforextremelyenlighteningandprobingcomments. Theotherreferee,equallydeservingofspecialmention,capturedthedrift ofmyargumentwithsuchanamazingcombinationofsympatheticunder- standingandcriticaldetachmentthatIhavegratefullytakenthelibertyof borrowinglocutionsfromthereferee’sreporttoimprovetheformulation of a number of my ideas. I also thank the philosophy and law syndics of HarvardUniversityPressforhelpfulsuggestions. vii vviiiiii Acknowledgments Lindsay Waters has been a superb editor, guiding me through crucial stages of the process with his distinctive combination of scholarly dis- cernment and wealth of editorial experience. Susan Abel and Thomas Wheatland,friendlyandwonderfullyprofessional,havebeenapleasureto workwith,ashasAmandaHeller,whosecareandjudicious,lighttouches ascopyeditorhavemadearealdifference. Contents Introduction 1 1 ElementsofaJustDisposition 13 2 TheSubjectiveCircumstancesofJustice 45 3 TheObjectiveCircumstancesofJustice 67 4 TheIdeaofVoluntaryJustice 93 5 TheMoralReachofRationalEgoism 102 6 ImpartialityandJustiﬁcation 116 7 AProgressofReciprocity 135 8 TwoPathstoUnconditionalJustice 157 9 ForgettingandResentment 173 10 IndividualForgiveness,SocialResentment 187 11 JusticeandtheMoralizationofSympathy 206 12 JusticeasaConsciousVirtue 232 Index 249