The Tsar's Abolitionists: The Slave Trade in the Caucasus and Its Suppression PDF
Preview The Tsar's Abolitionists: The Slave Trade in the Caucasus and Its Suppression
The Tsar’s Abolitionists Eurasian Studies Library Historical, Political and Social Studies of Slavic and Islamic Cultures in the Eurasian Region VOLUME2 The Tsar’s Abolitionists The Slave Trade in the Caucasus and Its Suppression By Liubov Kurtynova-D’Herlugnan LEIDEN•BOSTON 2010 Coverillustration:StanislasvonChlebowski,PurchasingaSlave,Constantinople;oiloncanvas, signedanddated1879;(93×72cm).ArchivesBerkoFinePaintings,Knokke-le-Zoute. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Kurtynova-D'Herlugnan,Liubov. TheTsar'sabolitionists:theslavetradeintheCaucasusanditssuppression/byLiubov Kurtynova-D'Herlugnan. p.cm.–(Eurasianstudieslibrary;v.2) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-18344-5(hbk.:alk.paper) 1.Slavetrade–Caucasus–History–19thcentury.2.Slavery–Caucasus–History–19thcentury. 3.Slavery–Russia–History–19thcentury.4.Caucasus–EconomicI.Title.II.Series. HT1315.C28K872010 326'.809475–dc22 2009053516 ISSN 1877-9484 ISBN 9789004183445 Copyright2010byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishers,MartinusNijhoffPublishersandVSP. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. printedinthenetherlands ToProfessorMikhailS.Meier withgratitudeandlove CONTENTS Acknowledgments................................................... ix Maps ................................................................. xi Introduction ......................................................... xvii ChapterOne.TheCaucasus:GeographyandPeople................. 1 PeoplesandLanguages ............................................. 5 ReligionsoftheCaucasianRegion ................................. 9 .Christianity .................................................... 9 .Islam ........................................................... 11 SocialStructuresandPatternsofPower............................ 12 .Verticalpowerstructures...................................... 14 SomeConclusions ............................................... 24 WhyWasSlaveTradeSoImportantFortheCaucasianSocieties? 25 SomeConclusions ............................................... 33 ChapterTwo.ChristiansinHeterodoxCaptivity:TheHistorical RootsofRussianAbolitionismintheCaucasus ................... 37 TheCaseofanInvisibleSlaveTrade ............................... 37 SomeConclusions ............................................... 43 TheTwoAbolitionisms:TheEuropeanandAmerican EnterpriseandTheirDistantCousinfromRussia .............. 44 SomeConclusions ............................................... 59 HistoricalMythandMythicalHistory:Muscovyandthe CaucasusBeforethethCentury .............................. 60 SomeConclusions ............................................... 66 TheBeginning:TheFirstAttemptstoBanSlaveTrade............ 67 SomeConclusions ............................................... 72 ChapterThree.TheSouthernCaucasus............................... 73 SomeConclusions ............................................... 100 ACaseofSuccess:VorontsovintheSouthernCaucasus.......... 101 SomeConclusions ............................................... 109 viii contents Chapterfour.TheNorthernCaucasus ................................ 111 Someconclusions ................................................ 144 ACaseofFailure:VorontsovintheNorthernCaucasus .......... 146 SomeConclusions ............................................... 156 TheNorthernCaucasusaftertheCrimeanWar ................... 157 SomeConclusions ............................................... 168 Conclusion.ExplaininganUnlikelyAbolitionism ................... 171 Bibliography ........................................................... 181 Index ................................................................... 199 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thisbookturnedouttobealong-termproject.MuchlongerthanIbar- gainedforwhenIstartedworkingonmyPh.D.thesisontheabolitionof slavetradeintheCaucasuswhenatBinghamtonUniversityinabreath- takingly beautiful corner of Upstate New York. I would not have been abletostaythecourseandfinallyfinishitifnotforthesupportofmany people, who helped me along the way with their advice, staunch belief that I could do it and encouragement when I needed it. I am express- ing my gratitude, which is much greater that I could possibly put into words,toeverybodywhohelpedmestayontrack,andIamdoingitin moreorlesstheorderoftheirappearanceinmyacademiclife,soasnot toforgetanybodytowhomIamindebted.Firstandforemost,mypro- found gratitude goes to Mikhail Serafimovich Meier, my first academic adviser at the Institute of Asian and African Studies at Moscow State UniversityandtohiswifeRufinaRudol’fovnaViatkina,whobelievedin mysuccessinspiteofalltheprooftothecontrary.Also,Iwouldliketo thankallmyprofessorsandteachersattheInstituteofAsianandAfrican Studies,especiallymyteachersofTurkishlanguageandMiddleEastern andTurkishhistory.IamalsoindebtedtomyprofessorsatBinghamton University, who helped me through the first years of life in the US and encouragedmyambitionofanacademiccareer.Myprofoundthanksgo to ImmanuelWallerstein andhiswifeBeatrice, toWilliamHaver, Ken- nethStraussandMarkKulikowski.IamextremelygratefultoArturTsut- sievforhismostgenerousoffertouseafewofthemapsfromhisincredi- bleAtlasoftheEthno-politicalHistoryoftheCaucasus,–.Ihope thisatlasispublishedinEnglishassoonaspossible—it’sarealtreasurefor everyscholarworkinginthefieldoftheCaucasianhistory.Inthecourse of my work on this book many people helped me with their advice, by expressingtheiropinions,sharingtheirexperienceandsometimessim- plybysupportingmethrougharoughpatch.IwouldliketothankAna- toliiKhazanov,SergeiArutiunov,MichaelKhodarkovskii,AnatolLieven andhiswifeSasha,AndreiIllarionov,Alexander Knysh,WilliamReno, AndreiKorotaev,GalinaKhizrieva,IlyaKutik,AndrewWachtelandall myothercolleagueswhocontributedtomyabilitytofinishthisproject. Myparticulargratitudegoestothosewhoreadthemanuscriptatdiffer- entstagesofitscompletionandmadesuggestionsforitsimprovement.I x acknowledgments simplycan’tthankenoughJohnBushnell,ArthurStinchcombeandTim- othyEarleforalltheyhavedoneforme.Withouttheiradvicethisbook wouldnotbepossible.Iamalsoprofoundlythankfultotheanonymous assessorsatBrillPublishers,whohavedoneamarvelousjobatanalyzing themanuscriptandrecommendingwaysofmakingitbetter.Iamgrateful fortheirgoodopinionandonlywishIcouldimplementallthechanges theyproposed.Iamsure,however,thattheiradvicewillbeinvaluableto me in the future. Speaking of Brill Publishers,I am very grateful to my editorsIvoRomeinandBrigittaPoelmans,whohavebeenmostpatient withmeandsupportivethroughoutthewholepublishingprocess.Itgoes without saying that all the mistakes and shortcomings of the book are minealone. Icouldnothaveaccomplishedanythinginmylife,letalonewritethis book, without the everyday support from my friends, who have been helpinginmanydifferentwaysthroughoutmylife.Mydeepestgratitude to my friend Olga Fedosova, who sacrificed a few months of her life in ordertocometomysideandhelpmetake careofmychildrenwhenI neededitmost.MythankstoRitaandIgorKuznetsov,whosharedalotof myburdensandthusmadethemeasiertocarry.Iamforeverindebtedto myoldfriendsElenaErmolaevaandElenaShlezingerfortheirunwaver- ingsupportandforstayingwithmethroughthickandthinevenwithall thedistanceseparatingus.MythankstoallmyfriendsinRussia:Andrei Grafovandhisparents,GeorgiiKrylov,VladimirandMarinaVsevolozh- skiisandtheirsonKirill,IuliiaShirokovaandMashaMarkevich,Natasha TiukinaandMaksimArtamonovforeverythingthey’vedoneforme.My deepest gratitude to my friends in the US: Rita Koryan, Michael Bog- dasarian, Carol Bogdasarian, Pamela O’Shaughnessy, Tatiana Tulchin- sky, David Rubman, Kristina Bushnell, Scott Greer, Arkadii Shemiakin andhiswifeZhenia,ElenaandEvgeniiPetrov,VladimirNaumovandhis family,MargaretandMarekMalko,JoanneBlumberg,SaraGordonand RegFendick.IamgratefultoEkaterinaKondrat’evnaandMatveiMatvee- vichDerluguian,IrinaandVladimirTiukinforbeingthemostwonderful in-lawsanybodycouldwishfor.Iwouldliketothankmyfamilyforbeing there for me: my brother Zhenia, his wife Elena and their children, my uncleVladislavandauntLiusia. Finally and most importantly I would like to thank my sons Martin and Stephen for inspiring me to do my best and to aspire for higher goalsinlifenotonlyformysake,butfortheirsaswell.Ihopethisbook contributestothistaskalittle.
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