The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian Society, 1880–1917 PDF
Preview The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian Society, 1880–1917
THE TSARIST SECRET POLICE IN RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1880-1917 The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian Society, 1880-1917 Fredric S. Zuckerman Senior Lecturer in History University of Adelaide in association with the SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES & UNIVERSITY OF LONDON as © Fredric S. Zuckerman 1996 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1996 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world This book is published in Macmillan's Studies in Russia and East Europe series Chairman of the Editoral Board: Professor Michael Branch ISBN 0-333-63396-2 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 76 5 4 3 21 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd Chippenham, Wiltshire For Lorre, Michael and Nicola Contents List of Tables ix Acknowledgements xi A Note on Transliteration and Dates xiii A Note on Police Terminology xiv Abbreviations and Glossary xv PART I SETTING THE STAGE A Comparative Introduction 3 1 Law and the Repression of Political Crime in Russia, 1826-1902 10 2 The Development of Modern Political Policing Institutions 19 in Russia, 1800-1902 PART II DETECTIVES, SECRET AGENTS AND POLICE CHIEFS 3 Fontanka's Foot Soldiers: The Professional Lives of Russia's 31 Political Police Detectives 4 Sekretnye Sotrudniki: The Lives of Russia's Undercover Agents 39 5 Making a Career: The Evolution of Professionalism 58 within Fontanka PART III THE FOUNDATIONS OF A MODERN POLICE STATE? THE POLITICAL POLICE AND THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE, 1902-1904 6 Spinning the Web: Plehve and the Expansion of the Political 83 Police Network 7 Time of Experiment, Time of Repression, 1902-1904 100 PART IV REVOLUTION, COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND COLLAPSE: THE TSARIST POLITICAL POLICE AND RUSSIAN SOCIETY, 1904-1917 8 P.D. Sviatopolk-Mirskii and A.A. Lopukhin: The Political 123 Police and Mirskii's 'Spring' vn viii Contents 9 The Political Police and the 1905 Revolution, I: The Descent into 143 Chaos, January-November 10 The Political Police and the 1905 Revolution, II: 165 Durnovo, Rachkovskii and Internal Warfare 11 Stolypin and the Russian Political Police, 1906-1911 182 12 S.P. Beletskii and V.F. Dzhunkovskii and the Forces of Modernity 202 within Russian Society 13 Illusion and Reality: Into the Abyss, 1915-1917 225 Epilogue 245 Notes and References 253 Bibliography 310 Key to the drawing of the chain-of-command of the 338 Russian Political Police Index 339 List of Tables 1.1 Number of Political Cases Compiled by the Ministry of Justice and Number of Persons Included in those Cases, 1894-1903 16 1.2 Number of Political Criminals Sentenced by Administrative Authority, 1883-1900 17 4.1 Schleifman' s Distribution of Sotrudniki among Revolutionary Parties, 1902-1914 44 4.2 Distribution of the Moscow 00's Sotrudniki Operating Among Revolutionary, Opposition and Suspicious Groups, beginning of 1916 44 4.3 Yearly Expenditure by OOs and Gendarme Directorates (By City or Region) on Their Undercover Operations, 1914 45 5.1 Position on the Table of Ranks held by Civilian Managers of Political Police Affairs, 1917 60 5.2 Police-Related Careers of our Civilian Sample: Number of Police Postings Occupied by Senior Police Bureaucrats and the Highest Post Attained within the Police Bureaucracy 61 5.3 Number of Senior Civilian Police Officials with Multiple Job Experience within the Police Bureaucracy, as Compared to Total Number of Such Officials Encompassed in this Survey 62 5.4 Careers of Senior Police Chinovniki: the Last Position they held before Entering Fontanka 62 5.5 Highest Postings Held Within Fontanka by Our Cohort of Twenty-Nine Gendarme Officers Denoting Their Position on the Table of Ranks, 1917 63 5.6 Educational Attainments of Twenty-Five Gendarme Officers Serving in the Higher Ranks of the Political Police 65 5.7 Previous Military Experience of Twenty-Five Gendarme Officers Serving in the Higher Ranks of the Political Police 65 5.8 Total Number of Senior Positions within Fontanka held by Military Officers, 1900-1917 79 7.1 Number of State Criminal Cases (excluding those under military justice) compiled by the Ministry of Justice, 1901-1903 118 9.1 Workers on Strike, February-September 1905 155 9.2 Peasant Disorders, January-September 1905 155 10.1 Largest Urban Soviets 168 11.1 SR Terrorist Acts, 1902-1911 188 11.2 Victims of Terrorism, 1905-1 May 1909 189 IX
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