The Trophic Cascade in Lakes

397 Pages·1996·6.626 MB·English

by  Stephen R. Carpenter, James F. Kitchell (editors)

Cascading trophic interactions
Cambridge Studies in Ecology presents balanced, comprehensive, up-to-date,
and critical reviews of selected topics within ecology, both botanical and zoological.
The Series is aimed at advanced final-year undergraduates, graduate students,
researchers, and university teachers, as well as ecologists in industry and government
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It encompasses a wide range of approaches and spatial, temporal, and taxonomic
scales in ecology, including quantitative, theoretical, population, community,
ecosystem, historical, experimental, behavioral and evolutionary studies. The
emphasis throughout is on ecology related to the real world of plants and animals in
the field rather than on purely theoretical abstractions and mathematical models.
Some books in the Series attempt to challenge existing ecological paradigms and
present new concepts, empirical or theoretical models, and testable hypotheses.
Others attempt to explore new approaches and present syntheses on topics of
considerable importance ecologically which cut across the conventional but artifi-
cial boundaries within the science of ecology.
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ECOLOGY
Series Editors
H. J. B. Birks Botanical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway, and Environmental
Change Research Centre, University College London, UK
J. A. Wiens Department of Biology, Colorado State University, USA
Advisory Board
P. Adam University of New South Wales, Australia
R. T. Paine University of Washington, Seattle, USA
R. B. Root Cornell University, USA
F. I. Woodward University of Sheffield, UK
ALSO IN THE SERIES
H. G. Gauch, Jr Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology
R. H. Peters Hie Ecological Implications of Body Size
C. S. Reynolds The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton
K. A. Kershaw Physiological Ecology of Lichens
R. P. Mclntosh Tlie Background of Ecology: Concepts and Tlieory
A. J. Beattie Tlie Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant Mutualisms
F. I. Woodward Climate and Plant Distribution
J. J. Burdon Diseases and Plant Population Biology
J. I. Sprent Tlie Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle
N. G. Hairston, Sr Community Ecology and Salamander Guilds
H. Stolp Microbial Ecology: Organisms, Habitats and Activities
R. N. Owen-Smith Megaherbivores: Tlie Influence of Large Body Size on
Ecology
J. A. Wiens Tlie Ecology of Bird Communities
N. G. Hairston, Sr Ecological Experiments
R. Hengeveld Dynamic Biogeography
C. Little Tlie Terrestrial Invasion: An Ecophysiological Approach to
the Origins of Land Animals
P. Adam Saltmarsh Ecology
M. F. Allen Tlie Ecology of Mycorrhizae
D. J. Von Willert et al. Life Strategies of Succulents in Deserts
J. A. Matthews Tlie Ecology of Recently-deglaciated Terrain
E. A. Johnson Fire and Vegetation Dynamics
D. H. Wise Spiders in Ecological Webs
J. S. Findley Bats: A Community Perspective
G. P. Malanson Riparian Landscapes
S. R. Carpenter & Tlie Trophic Cascade in Lakes
J. F. Kitchell (Eds.)
R. J. Whelan Tlie Ecology of Fire
R. C. Mac Nally Ecological Versatility and Community Ecology
The trophic cascade in
lakes
edited by
STEPHEN R. CARPENTER and
JAMES F. KITCHELL
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia
© Cambridge University Press 1993
First published 1993
First paperback edition 1996
Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
The trophic cascade in lakes/edited by Stephen R. Carpenter and
James F. Kitchell.
p. cm. — (Cambridge studies in ecology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-521-43145-X
1. Lake ecology. 2. Biological productivity. 3. Food chains
(Ecology) I. Carpenter, Stephen R. II. Kitchell, James F.
III. Series.
QH541.5.L3T76 1993
574.5'26322-dc20 92-36737 CIP
ISBN 0 521 43145 X hardback
ISBN 0 521 56684 3 paperback
SE
To our mentor Arthur Hasler,
pioneer ecosystem experimenter;
and
in memory of David Benkowski,
whose good humor and skill live on among
the legends of the northern lakes

Contents
Contributors page xi
Preface xiii
1 Cascading trophic interactions 1
J. F. Kitchell and S. R. Carpenter
2 Experimental lakes, manipulations and measurements 15
S.R. Carpenter andj. F. Kitchell
3 Statistical analysis of the ecosystem experiments 26
S. R. Carpenter
4 The fish populations 43
J. R. Hodgson, X. He and]. F. Kitchell
5 Fish behavioral and community responses to
manipulation 69
X. He, R. Wright and]. F. Kitchell
6 Roles offish predation: piscivory and planktivory 85
X. He,}. F. Kitchell, J. R. Hodgson, R. Wright,
P. A. Soranno, D. M. Lodge, P. A. Cochran, D. Benkowski
and N. Bouwes
1 Dynamics of the phantom midge: implications for
zooplankton 103
P. A. Soranno, S. R. Carpenter and S. M. Moegenburg
8 Zooplankton community dynamics 116
P. A. Soranno, S. R. Carpenter and M. M. Elser
9 Effects of predators and food supply on diel vertical
migration oiDaphnia 153
M. L. Dini, P. A. Soranno, M. D. Scheuerell and
S. R. Carpenter
x • Contents
10 Zooplankton biomass and body size 172
P. A. Soranno, S. R. Carpenter and X. He
11 Phytoplankton community dynamics 189
S. R. Carpenter, J. A. Morrice,J.J. Elser, A. L. St. Amand
and N. A. MacKay
12 Metalimnetic phytoplankton dynamics 210
A. L. St. Amand and S. R. Carpenter
13 Primary production and its interactions with nutrients
and light transmission 225
S. R. Carpenter, J. A. Morrice, P. A. Soranno, J.J. Elser,
N. A. MacKay and A. L. St. Amand
14 Heterotrophic microbial processes 252
M. L. Pace
15 Annual fossil records of food-web manipulation 278
P. R. Leavitt, P. R. Sanford, S. R. Carpenter, J. F. Kitchell
and D. Benkowski
16 Simulation models of the trophic cascade: predictions and
evaluations 310
S. R. Carpenter and}. F. Kitchell
17 Synthesis and new directions 332
J. F. Kitchell and S. R. Carpenter
References 351
Index 381
Contributors
David Benkowski (Deceased)
Nicolaas Bouwes, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Utah State Univer-
sity, Logan, UT84322, U.S.A.
Stephen R. Carpenter, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI53706, U.S.A.
Philip A. Cochran, Division of Natural Sciences, St. Norbert College,
DePere, WI54115, U.S.A.
Michael L. Dini, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University,
Box 43131, Lubbock, TX 79409, U.S.A.
James J. Elser, Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe,
AZ 85287, U.S.A.
Monica M. Elser, 1843 East Laguna Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282, U.S.A.
XiHe, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706,
U.S.A.
James R. Hodgson, Department of Biology, St. Norbert College, De Pere,
WI54115, U.S.A.
James F. Kitchell, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
WI 53706, U.S.A.
Peter R. Leavitt, Zoology Department, Biological Sciences Building, Univer-
sity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada K6G 2E9
David M. Lodge, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre
Dame, Notre Dame, IN46556, U.S.A.
Neil A. MacKay, Zoology Department, Arizona State University, Tempe,
AZ 85287, U.S.A.
xii • Contributors
Susan M. Moegenburg, Department of Zoology, 233 Bartram, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
John A. Morrice, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, NM 87131, U.S.A.
Michael L. Pace, Institute for Ecosystems Studies, Cary Arboretum, Box AB,
Millbrook, NY 12545, U.S.A.
Patricia R. Sanford, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI53706, U.S.A.
Mark D. Scheuerell, Cornell Biological Field Station, R.D. #1, Bridgeport,
NY 13030, U.S.A.
Patricia A. Soranno, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, W153706, U.S.A.
Ann L. St. Amand, Phycotech, Inc., P.O. Box 218, Baroda, MI 49101,
U.S.A.
Russell Wright, Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
WI53706, U.S.A.