Table Of Content

MICHAEL J NEALE 1 HWLU"""4 L SECOND EDITION THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK Second edition Edited by M. J. NEALE (>BE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FlMechE q U T T E R W O R T H E I N E M A N N Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 0 180 1-204 1 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd -@A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI First published 1973 Second edition 1995 Reprinted 1997, 1999 Transferred to digital printing 200 1 0 The editor and contributors 1973, 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England, WIP OLP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 119 8 7 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at www.bh.com Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastboume ~~- Contents Editor's Preface List of Contributors Selection of bearings Seals AI Selection of bearing type and form B19 Selection of seals A2 Selection of journal bearings B20 Sealing against dirt and dust A3 Selection of thrust bearings B2 1 Oil flinger rings and drain grooves B22 Labyrinths, brush seals and throttling bushes Plain bearings B23 Lip seals B24 Mechanical seals A4 Plain bearing materials B25 Packed glands A5 Dry rubbing bearings B26 Mechanical piston rod packings A6 Porous metal bearings B27 Soft piston seals A 7 Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings A8 Ring and disc fed journal bearings Lubricants A9 Steady load pressure fed journal bearings A10 High speed bearings and rotor dynamics Cl Selection of lubricant type AI 1 Crankshaft bearings C2 Mineral oils A12 Plain bearing form and installation C3 Synthetic oils A13 Oscilhtory journal bearings C4 Greases A14 Spherical bearings C5 Solid lubricants and coatings A15 Plain thrust bearings C6 Other liquids A16 Psofiicd pad thrust hearings A17 Tilting pad thrust bearings Lubrication of components A18 Hydrostatic bearings A19 Gas bearings C7 Plain bearing lubrication C8 Rolling bearing lubrication Rolling bearings C9 Gear and roller chain lubrication C10 Slide lubrication A20 Selection of roiling bearings C 1 1 Lubrication of flexible couplings A21 Rolling hearing materials C12 Wire rope lubrication A22 Rolling bearing installation Lubrication systems Special bearings CP3 Selection of lubrication sl'sterns A23 Slide bearings C14 Total loss grcase systrms A24 Instrument jewels C15 Total loss oil and fllrid Kreasr systcms A25 Flexures and knife edges C16 Dip splash s);stem\ A26 Electromagnetic bearings CP7 klist systems A27 Bearing surface treatments and coatings C18 Circulation systems C 19 Commissioning lubrication systems Rotary driives Lubrication system components B1 Belt d.rives B2 Roller chain drives C20 Design of storage tanks B3 Gears C21 Selection of oil pumps B4 Flexible couplings 622 Selection of filters and centrifuges B5 Self-synchronising clutches C23 Selection of heaters and coolers B6 One way clutchrs C24 ,4 guide to piping design B7 Fricticln clutches C25 Selection of warning and protection devices $8 Brakes Operation of lubrication systems and machines inear drives C26 Running-in procedures B9 Screws C27 Luhricant change periods and tests BIO Cams and followers C28 Biological deterioration of lubricants B1 I Wheels rails and tyres C29 Lubricant hazards; fire, explosion and health B12 Capstans and drums C30 Lubrication maintenance planning B13 \Vire ropes B14 Control cablcs Environmental effects Bl5 Ihmping dcviccs BlFi Pistons C31 High pressure and vacuum B17 Piston rings C32 High and low temperatures B18 Cvlinders and lincrs C33 IYorld ambient climatic data Contents C34 Industrial plant environmental data Repair C35 Chemical effects C36 Storage D17 Repair of worn surfaces D18 Wear resistant materials FaiI ur es D19 Repair of plain bearings D20 Repair of friction surfaces D1 Failure patterns and failure analysis D21 Industrial flooring materials D2 Plain bearing failures D3 Rolling bearing failures Basic information D4 Gear failures D5 Piston and ring failures El The nature of surfaces and contact D6 Seal failures E2 Surface topography D7 Wire rope failures E3 Hardness D8 Brake and clutch failures E4 Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants D9 Fretting problems E5 Frictional properties of materials E6 Viscosity of lubricants Maintenance E7 Methods of fluid film formation E8 Mechanisms of wear D10 Maintenance methods D11 Condition monitoring Design reference D12 Operating temperature limits D13 Vibration analysis E9 Heat dissipation from bearing assembles D14 Wear debris analysis E10 Shaft deflections and slopes Dl 3 Performance analysis El 1 Shape tolerances of typical components D16 Allowable wear limits E12 SI units and conversion factors Index Editor's Preface This second rlwised edition of the Tribology Handbook follows the pattern of the original, first published over twenty years ago. It aims to provide instant access to essential information on the performance of tribological components, and is aimed particularly at designers and engineers in industry. Tribological Components are those which carry all the relative movements in machines. Their performance, therefore, makes a critical contribution to the reliability and efiiciency of all machines. Also because they are the local areas of machines, where high forces and rapid movements are transmitted simultaneously, they are also the components most likely to fail, because of the concentration of energy that they carry. If anything is wrong with a machine or its method of use, these components are the mechanical fuses, which will indicate the existence of a problem. If this happens, guidance on the performance that these components would be expected to provide, can be invaluable. Designers of machines should also find the contents helpful, because they provide an atlas of component performance, aimed at providing the guidance needed when planning the feasibility of various possible layouts for a machine design. In a book of this size it is not possible to cover the whole of the technology of tribological components. More focused design procedures, standards and text books will do this, and hopefully guide engineers in how to get their designs close to the optimum. In a sense the objective of this handbook is to make sure that they do not get it wrong. The format of the book is original and has possibly set an example on the presentation of technical information in the form of an atlas. Like an atlas it is intended to provide guidance on where you are or should be? more or less at a glance, rather than to be read like a novel from cover to cover. The presentation of information in this form has been quite a challenge to the contributors who have responded well and the editor would like to record his appreciation of their work and of all the people who have helped him in the preparation of the book. The editor, who has spent over forty years solving problems with machinery around the world, has found the information in this book of tremendous value. He hopes that it will be equally helpful to its readers with both design and problem solving. For those engineers in countries. who are now moving towards industrialisation, it is hoped, also, that it will provide a useful summary of the experience of those who have been doing it for a little longer. Michael NeaIr Neale Consulting Engineers Ltd Farnham, Surrey UK