The Treatment of Epilepsy (2nd Edition) PDF
Preview The Treatment of Epilepsy (2nd Edition)
The Treatment of Epilepsy This page intentionally left blank The Treatment of Epilepsy Edited by Simon D. Shorvon Emilio Perucca MA MB B Chir MD FRCP MD PhD FRCP(Edin) Professor in Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology Professor of Medical Pharmacology University College London Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Consultant Neurologist, National Hospital for University of Pavia Neurology and Neurosurgery Piazza Botta 10 Queen Square 27100 Pavia, Italy London WC1N3BG, UK and Past Vice President, International League Consultant Clinical Pharmacologist against Epilepsy Institute of Neurology C. Mondino Foundation 27100 Pavia, Italy David R. Fish W. Edwin Dodson MA MB BS MD FRCP MD, FAAP, FAAN Professor in Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics Institute of Neurology, University College London Associate Vice Chancellor and Associate Dean Queen Square, London WC1N3BG, UK Washington University School of Medicine St Louis Children's Hospital Foreword by Giuliano Avanzini 660 South Euclid Avenue Campus Box 8077 MD St Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA Professor of Medicine and Director of the Department of Past President of the Epilepsy Foundation in America Clinical Neurosciences Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "C Besta" Via Celoria 11.20133, Milano, Italy President of the International League Against Epilepsy Second edition Blackwell Science © 1996, 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing company Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Maiden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 1996 Second edition 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The treatment of epilepsy/edited by Simon D. Shorvon . . . [et al.].—2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-06046-8 1. Epilepsy—Treatment. [DNLM: 1. Epilepsy—drug therapy. 2. Epilepsy—surgery. 3. Anticonvulsants—thera- peutic use. WL 385 T7831 2003] I. Shorvon, S.D. (Simon D.) RC372.T67 2003 616.8'5306—dc21 2003013250 ISBN 0-632-06046-8 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in Sabon by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in Denmark by Narayana Press, Odder Commissioning Editor: Stuart Taylor Managing Editor: Rupal Malde Production Editor: Rebecca Huxley Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Contributors vii 14 Management of Epilepsy in Infants 180 Foreword by Giuliano Avanzini xi C. Chiron 15 Management of Epilepsy in Children 190 Preface to the Second Edition xii W.-L. Lee and H.-T. Ong Preface to the First Edition xiv 16 Management of Epilepsy in the Elderly Person 201 The Drug Treatment of Epilepsy Between R.C. Tallis 1938 and 1955, with Special Reference to Epilepsia, 17 Management of Epilepsy in People with Learning the Journal of International League Against Epilepsy xvi Disability 215 E. Brodtkorb SECTION 1: Introduction 1 18 Emergency Treatment of Seizures and Status Epilepticus 227 1 Definitions and Classification of Epilepsy 3 M.C. Walker and S.D. Shorvon W.E. Dodson 19 Treatment of Epilepsy in General Medical Conditions 244 2 Epidemiology and Prognosis of Epilepsy and its J.M. Parent and M.J. Aminoff Treatment 21 L. Forsgren 20 Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Epilepsy 255 E.S. Krishnamoorthy 3 Sudden Death in Epilepsy 43 L. Nashef and Y. Langan 21 The Ketogenic Diet 262 E.H. Kossoff and E.P.G. Vining 4 Aetiology of Epilepsy 50 E. Beghi 22 Complementary and Alternative Treatments in Epilepsy 269 T.E. Whitmarsh 5 Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy 64 M. Cook 23 Reproductive Aspects of Epilepsy Treatment 277 T. Tomson 6 Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis 74 G. Avanzini and S. Franceschetti 24 Genetic Counselling in Epilepsy 290 F. Zara 7 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Epilepsy 84 S.M. Sisodiya 25 Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Epileptic Seizures 307 J.R. Gates 8 Antiepileptic Drug Discovery 89 S.H. White 9 Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drug Action 96 SECTION 3: Drugsllsed in the Treatment of M.C. Walker and A. Fisher Epilepsy 315 10 Drug Interactions in Epilepsy 120 E. Spina and M. G. Scordo 26 The Choice of Drugs and Approach to Drug Treatments in Partial Epilepsy 317 S.D. Shorvon SECTION 2: Principles of Medical 27 Acetazolamide 334 Treatment 137 M.Y. Neufeld 11 General Principles of Medical Treatment 139 28 Carbamazepine 345 £. Perucca M. Sillanpaa 12 Management of Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy 161 29 Clobazam 358 Y.M. Hart M.A. Dalby 13 Management of Epilepsy in Remission 174 30 Clonazepam 365 D. Chadwick S. Sato and E.A. Boudreau CONTENTS 31 Short-Acting and Other Benzodiazepines 374 54 MEG in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 635 L.J. Greenfield Jr and H.C. Rosenberg H. Stefan, C. Hummel and R. Hopfengartner 32 Ethosuximide 391 55 MRI in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 640 T.A. Glauser C.E. Elger and J. von Oertzen 33 Felbamate 403 56 PET and SPECT in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 652 I.E. Leppik B. Sadzot and W. van Paesschen 34 Fosphenytoin 410 57 New Physiological and Radiological Investigations in R.E. Ramsay and F. Pryor the Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 665 A. Salek-Haddadi, I. Merlet, F. Mauguiere, H. 35 Gabapentin 418 Meierkord, K. Buchheim, D.R. Fish, M.J. Koepp and T.R. Browne E.L. So 36 Lamotrigine 425 58 Psychological Testing in Presurgical Evaluation of F. Matsuo Epilepsy 699 37 Levetiracetam 443 /. Djordjevic and M. Jones-Gotman A. Sadek and J.A. French 59 The Role of Psychiatric Assessment in Presurgical 38 Oxcarbazepine 451 Evaluation 716 E. Faught E.S. Krishnamoorthy 39 Phenobarbital, Primidone and Other Barbiturates 461 60 Surgery of Hippocampal Sclerosis 723 R. Michelucci and C.A. Tassinari J.G. Ojemann and T.S. Park 40 Phenytoin 475 61 Resective Surgery of Neoplastic Lesions for Epilepsy 728 M.J. Eadie N.M. Wetjen, K. Radhakrishnan, A.A. Cohen- 41 Piracetam 489 GadolandG. Cascino S.D. Shorvon 62 Resective Surgery of Vascular and Infective Lesions 42 Pregabalin 496 for Epilepsy 742 E. Ben-Menachem and A.R. Kugler N.D. Kitchen, A. Belli and J.A. Sen 43 Rufinamide 500 63 Surgery of Cortical Dysgenesis for Epilepsy 763 V. Biton S.M. Sisodiya 44 Tiagabine 507 64 Surgery of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy 775 R. Kalviainen K.S. Firlik and D.D. Spencer 45 Topiramate 515 65 Paediatric Epilepsy Surgery 779 J.H. Cross J.A. Lawson and M.S. Duchowny 46 Valproate 528 66 Hemispherectomy for Epilepsy 790 S. Arroyo J.-G. Villemure and V. Bartanusz 47 Vigabatrin 540 67 Corpus Callosum Section for Epilepsy 798 G. Kramer J.R. Gates and L. De Paola 48 Zonisamide 548 68 Multiple Subpial Transection for Epilepsy 812 M. Seino and B. Fujitani R. Selway and R. Dardis 49 Other Drugs More Rarely Used in the Treatment of 69 Awake Surgery for Epilepsy 824 Epilepsy 560 A.N. Miles and G.A. Ojemann H. Meierkord 70 Stereotactic Surgery for Epilepsy 833 50 Antiepileptic Drugs in Clinical Trials 568 A.W. McEvoy, B.M. Trivedi and N.D. Kitchen P.M. Patsalos and J. W.A.S. Sander 71 Complications of Epilepsy Surgery 849 C.E. Polkey SECTION 4: Presurgical Evaluation of 72 Anaesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery 861 Epilepsy and Epilepsy Surgery 577 M. Smith 73 Vagus Nerve Stimulation 873 51 Introduction to Epilepsy Surgery and its Presurgical S.C. Schachter Assessment 579 74 Future Surgical Approaches to Epilepsy 884 S.D. Shorvon K.E. Nilsen and H.R. Cock 52 The Scalp EEG in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 599 D.R. Fish Index 893 53 Invasive EEG in Presurgical Evaluation of Epilepsy 609 D.K. Nguyen and S.S. Spencer Colour plates are found between pp. 670-671 VI Contributors Michael J. Aminoff Gregory Cascino Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, Room 794-M, Univer- Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, sity of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnnesota 55905, USA Santiago Arroyo David Chadwick Associate Professor of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Walton Centre and Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Program and EEG for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Fazakerley Road, Lower Lane, Laboratory, Froedtert Hospital, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Liverpool L97LJ, UK Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA Catherine Chiron Giuliano Avanzini Child Epileptologist, Neuropediatric Department, Hopital Saint President of the International League Against Epilepsy, Professor Vincent de Paul, 82 Avenue Deufert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris, of Medicine and Director of the Department of Clinical Neuro- Cedex 14, France sciences. Istituto Nazionale Neurologico "C Besta", Via Celoria Hannah R. Cock 11.20133, Milano, Italy Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Neurologist, Clinical Neurosciences, St Georges Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Viktor Bartanusz Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK Chief Resident, Neurosurgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol Department of Neurosurgery, 1-229 Joseph, Saint Mary's Ettore Beghi Hospital, 1218 2nd Street SW, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, Chief, Neurophysiology Unit and Epilepsy Center, University of USA Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy Mark Cook Antonio Belli Professor of Neurology and Director, Department of Neurology, Honorary Research Fellow, The National Hospital for Neurology St Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Victoria 3065, Australia Elinor Ben-Menachem J. Helen Cross Associate Professor, Neurologkliniken, Sahlgrenska Sjukhuset, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Paediatric Neurology, 41345 Goteburg, Sweden Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, The Wolf son Centre, Victor Biton Mecklenburgh Square, London WC1N 2AP, UK Director, Arkansas Epilepsy Program, 2 Lile Court, Suite 100, Mogens A. Dalby Little Rock, AR 72205, USA Consultant Neurologist, Neurological Department, Aarhus Eilis A. Boudreau University Hospital, Norregade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Portland VA Medical Center P3H5RD, 3710 SW US Veteran Ronan Dardis Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA Senior Registrar in Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eylert Brodtkorb King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK Professor of Neurology, Senior Consultant, Department of Luciano De Paola Neurology, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Universiadade Federal do Parana, Servico de EEG, Curitiba Norway PR-CEP, CEP 80.060-900, Brazil Thomas R. Browne Jelena Djordjevic Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Boston Univer- Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, sity School of Medicine, 36 Riddle Hill Road, Falmouth, MA QC H3A 2B4, Canada 02540, USA W. Edwin Dodson Katharina Buchheim Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics, Associate Vice Chancellor Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitatsklinikum and Associate Dean,Washington University School of Medicine, Charite, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, St Louis Children's Hospital, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus 10117 Berlin, Germany Box 8077, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA VII CONTRIBUTORS Michael S. Duchowny Ruediger Hopfengartner Director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Miami Chil- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center (ZEE), University dren's Hospital, Neuroscience Center, 3200 SW 62nd Avenue, Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Miami, FL 33155-3009, USA Germany Mervyn J. Eadie Cornelia Hummel Emeritus Professor, University of Queensland, University of Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center (ZEE), University Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, 4068, Australia Erlangen-Nuernberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany Christian E. Elger Professor of Neurology and Director, Klinik fuer Epileptologie, Marilyn Jones-Gotman Universitaet Bonn, Sigmund-Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Professor, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, 3801 Germany University Street, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada Edward Faught Reetta Kalviainen Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology, Univer- Head of Outpatient Clinic, Leader of the Clinical Epilepsy sity of Alabama, Epilepsy Center, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC Research Project, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University 312, Birmingham, Alabama 352-0021, USA Hospital, PO Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Katrina S. Firlik Neil David Kitchen Clinical Assistant Professor, Yale University School of Medicine, Consultant Neurosurgeon, National Hospital for Neurology and Greenwich Neurosurgery, 75 Holly Hill Lane, Greenwich, CT Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 06830, USA Mathias J. Koepp David R. Fish Senior Lecturer in Neurology, Institute of Neurology, National Professor in Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK WC1N 3BG, UK and National Society for Epilepsy, Chesham Lane, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire SL9 0RJ, UK Andrew Fisher Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Institute of Neurology, National Eric H. Kossoff Hospital, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology, Pediatric Epilepsy Centre, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, Lars Forsgren USA Head, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Umea University Hospital, S-901 85 Gunter Kramer Umea, Sweden Medical Director, Swiss Epilepsy Centre, Bleulerstrasse 60-8008, Silvana Franceschetti Zurich, Switzerland Istituto Nazionale Neurologico, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy Jacqueline A. French Vice Chairman, T.S. Srinivasan Institute of Neurological Sciences Professor of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Hospital of the and Research, Public Health Centre, Chennai, India and K. University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA Gopalakrishna Department of Neurology, VHS Medical Centre, 19104, USA Chennai, India Buichi Fujitani Alan R. Kugler International Affairs, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 6-8 Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Doshomachi, 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-0045, Japan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2430, USA John R. Gates President, Minnesota Epilepsy Group, 310 Smith Avenue North, Yvonne Langan Suite 300, St Paul, MN 55102, USA Specialist Registrar in Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK Tracey A. Glauser Department of Neurology, C-5, Children's Hospital Medical John A. Lawson Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, Consultant, Child Neurologist, Sydney Children's Hospital, Rand- USA wick, 2031, Australia L.John Greenfield Jr Wei-Ling Lee Assistant Professor of Neurology and Pharmacology, Department Senior Consultant, Department of Neurology, National Neuro- of Neurology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614, USA science Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433 Yvonne M. Hart Ilo E. Leppik Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Radcliffe Director of Research, MINCEP Epilepsy Care, 5775 Wayzata Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK Blvd, Suite 255, Minneapolis, 55416-1221, USA VIII CONTRIBUTORS Fumisuke Matsuo Jack M. Parent Professor of Neurology, University of Utah, Medical Centre, EEG Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Laboratory, SON Medical Drive, Salt Lake City 84132, USA 4412 Kresge III Building, 200 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0585, USA Frangois Mauguiere Professor of Neurology, Epilepsy and Functional Neurology Tae Sung Park Department, Hopital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Professor of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Lyon, France Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, 1 Children's Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Andrew W. McEvoy Research Fellow in Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology and Philip N. Patsalos Department of Surgical Neurology, the National Hospital for Professor of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacology and Therapeu- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N tics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Insti- 3BG, UK tute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Hartmut Meierkord Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitatsklinikum Emilio Perucca Charite, Humboldt-Universitatzu Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, Professor of Medical Pharmacology, Department of Internal 10117 Berlin, Germany Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta Isabelle Merlet 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy and Consultant Clinical Pharmacologist, Full Researcher, Functional Neurology and Epilepsy Department, Institute of Neurology, C. Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Hopital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinal, 69003 Lyon, France Italy Roberto Michelucci Charles E. Polkey Deputy Head, Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neuro- Professor of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neuro- logy, Bellaria Hospital, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy surgery, Kings Healthcare NHS Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK Andrew N. Miles Consultant Neurosurgeon, Western Australia Comprehensive Flavia Pryor Epilepsy Service and Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Perth Project Director, Neurology Service—127, Miami VA Medical Hospital, Perth, 6001, Australia Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA Lina Nashef Kurupath Radhakrishnan Consultant Neurologist, King's College Hospital and Kent and Professor and Head, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Canterbury Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum— Miri Y.Neufeld 695 011, Kerala, India Clinical Associate Professor of Neurology, Tel-Aviv University and R. Eugene Ramsay Director, EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel- Director, International Centre for Epilepsy, Professional Arts AvivSouraskyMedical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, Tel-Aviv 64239, Centre, Suite 410,1150 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 3313 6, USA Israel Howard C. Rosenberg Dang K. Nguyen Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology and Thera- Associate Professor of Neurology, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 peutics, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43699-0008, Sherbrooke East, Montreal H2L 3M1, Canada USA Karen E. Nilsen Ahmed Sadek Research Fellow, Clinical Neurosciences, St Georges Hospital Neurological Institute, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA George A. Ojemann Professor of Neurological Surgery, Department of Neurological Bernard Sadzot Surgery, University of Washington, Department of Neurological Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, CHU B35, Surgery, Box 356470-RR-744,1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 4000, Liege, Belgium 98195, USA Afraim Salek-Haddadi Jeffrey G. Ojemann Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Clinical and Experimen- Associate Professor of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Washington tal Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, University School of Medicine, St Louis Children's Hospital, 1 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK Children's Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Josemir Sander Hian-Tat Ong Professor and Consultant Neurologist, Department of Clinical and Consultant, Department of Paediatrics, National University Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074 London WC1N 3BG, UK IX
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