The Translational Apparatus of Photosynthetic Organelles

238 Pages·1991·5.88 MB·English

by  H. Kössel (auth.)

The Translational Apparatus
of Photosynthetic Organelles
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Series H: Cell Biology Vol. 55
The Translational Apparatus
of Photosynthetic Organelles
Edited by
R. Mache
Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire Vegetale
Universite Joseph Fourier, B. P. 53X
38041 Grenoble cedex, France
E. Stutz
Universite de Neuchatel
Laboratoire de Biochimie Vegetale
CH-2007 Neuchatel, Switzerland
A. R. Subramanian
Max-Planck-Institut fOr Molekulare Genetik
Ihnestrasse 73
W-1000 Berlin 33, FRG
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on The Translational
Apparatus of Photosynthetic Organelles held in Grenoble, France, July, 3-6,1990
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75147-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-75145-5
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-75145-5
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reseNed. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned.
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1991
31/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper
PREFACE
Structure and function of chloroplast and nuclear genes related to
the synthesis and function of the photosynthetic apparatus are topics regularly
dealt with in workshops and symposia. One often neglects the fact that
chloroplast specific ribosomes are crucially involved in the synthesis of these
proteins and that chloroplast ribosomes are themselves of bipartite genetic
origin. More recently considerable progress has been made in characterizing
both chloroplast and nuclear genes coding for chloroplast ribosomal
components. These results allow now to more precisely address older questions
concerning evolution, biosynthesis and function of chloroplast ribosomes.
The organizers felt that time had come to meet and exchange ideas
and data concerning the "Translational apparatus of photosynthetic organelles".
Thus a NATO Advanced Research Workshop was held in Grenoble, France,
which was attended by about 50 scientists and students from USA, Europe and
Japan.
The organizers invited as key-note speaker H.G. Wittman from the
Max-Planck-Institute in Berlin, but his too early death prevented this wish to
become true. Instead, R. Brimacombe from the same Institute gave the
introductory lecture on recent studies of E. coli ribosomes to set the tone for
the intimate link between research done with bacterial and chloroplast
ribosomes. The papers presented in this book overview domains of current
interest and stress the fact that biosynthesis and function of the translational
apparatus draws upon two separate genetic systems and therefore brings about
particular regulatory problems with fundamental significance. The
evolutionary kinship of chloroplast and prokaryotic ribosomes became evident
once more but also some important differences between them.
VI
The meeting was organized with the financial assistance of NATO.
We thank the Direction of the Scientific Affairs Division for their help and
support and all the participants for making this workshop a big success. Last
but not least we express our gratitude to CNRS, the University J. Fourier in
Grenoble and the City of Grenoble for their generous support.
Regis Mache, Grenoble, France
Erhard Stutz, Neuchatel, Switzerland
Alap Subramanian, Berlin, Germany
CONTENTS
PLASTID rRNAs AND tRNAs : STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND
EXPRESSION OF THEIR GENES
Chapter 1 - Structure and Expression of rRNA Genes ............................................ .
H. Kossel
Chapter 2 - Ribosomal RNA Genes and Pseudogenes of the Bi-Molecular Plastid Genome
of the Brown Alga Pylaiella littoralis.................................................. 19
S. Loiseaux-de Goer, Y. Markowicz, and c.c. Somerville
Chapter 3 - The Solution Structure of Spinach Chloroplast and of Xenopus laevis Oocyte
5S rRNAs ................................................................................ 31
P. Romby, C. BruneI, E. Westhof, F. Baudin, P.-J. Romaniuk, R. Mache,
C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann
Chapter 4 - Chloroplast tRNAs and tRNA Genes: Structure and Function ..................... 45
L. Marechal-Drouard, P. Guillemaut, H. Pfitzinger, and J.H. Wei!
PLASTID RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS AND THEIR GENES IN HIGHER PLANTS
A. Chloroplast Encoded Genes
Chapter 5 - Chloroplast Genes Coding for Ribosomal Proteins in Land Plants ................ 59
M. Sugiura, K. Torazawa, and T. Wakasugi
Chapter 6 - The Evolution of Genes and Pseudogenes for Some Chloroplast Ribosomal
Proteins. Transposition and Recombination Lead to Different Fates in
Different Genomes ....................................................................... 71
C.M. Bowman
Chapter 7 - Expression of Nuclear and Chloroplast Genes Coding for Tobacco
Chloroplast Ribosomal Proteins ....................................................... 85
D.P. Bourque, G. Elhag, P. Bonham-Smith, F. Thomas, T. Mc Creery,
and B. Glinsmann-Gibson
B. Nuclear Encoded Genes
Chapter 8 - Nuclear-Coded Chloroplast r-Proteins, Precursor cDNA Clones and
Transit Sequences ....................................................................... 95
Alap R. Subramanian
Chapter 9 - Comparative Analysis of Four Different cDNA Clones Encoding Chloroplast
Ribosomal Proteins .................................................................... 107
T. Lagrange, P. Carol, C. Bisanz-Seyer, and R. Mache
VIII
Chapter 10 - Two Gene Families Encoding Cytoplasmic Ribosomal Proteins in Barley.... 117
K. Gausing, C.B. Jensen, J.D. Kreiberg, and L.H. Madsen
PLASTID RmOSOMES AND FACTORS OF ALGAE AND OF CYANELLE
Chapter 11 - Molecular Genetics of Chloroplast Ribosomes in Chlamydomonas ............ 127
NW. Gillham, E.H. Harris, B.L. Randolph-Anderson, J.E. Boynton,
c.R. Hauser, K.B. McElwain, and S.M. Newman
Chapter 12 - Chloroplast Ribosomal Protein Operons of Euglena gracilis ..................... 145
R.B. Hallick, D.A. Christopher, D.W. Copertino, R.G. Drager,
K.P. Jenkins, and J.K. Stevenson
Chapter 13 - 1pslO and 6 Other Ribosomal Protein Genes from the SlO/spc- Operon Not
Encountered on Higher Plant Plastid DNA are Located on the Cyanelle
Genome of Cyanophora paradoxa................................................... 155
C. LOffelhardt, C. Michalowski, M. Kraus, B. pfanzagl, C. Neumann-
Spallart, J.Jakowitsch, M. Brandtner, and H.J. Bohnert
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
Chapter 14 - Interaction of Streptomycin with 16S rRNA of Chloroplasts and E. coli....... 167
E. Stutz and C. Bonny
Chapter 15 - The Structure of the Antibiotic Binding Sites in Bacterial Ribosomes .......... 179
J. P.G. Ballesta
Chapter 16 - Recent Progress on Understanding the Initiation of Translation in the
Chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis ..................................................... 197
W.B. Roney, L. Ma, C.-C. Wang, and L.L. Spremulli
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Chapter 17 - The Effects of Chlorophyll Photooxidation on Nuclear-Encoded Plastid
Ribosomal Protein mRNAs in Norflurazon-Treated Pea Seedlings ............ 207
J. S. Gantt, A. Gupta, and M.D. Thompson
Chapter 18 - Heat-Induced Ribosome-Deficiency ofPlastids. Mechanism and
Applications ............................................................................ 215
J. Feierabend and Th. Berberich
Chapter 19 - Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Chloroplasts of ChlamydomoTUlJ
reinhardii ... .................................. ..... ............... .......... ..... ..... 229
A. Boschetti, R. BUittler, and E. Breidenbach
List of Participants to the NATO Workshop and of Contributors to this Volume ............ 239
Subject Index .......................................................................................... 243
STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION OF rRNA GENES
H. Kassel
Institut fur Biologie
Universitat Freiburg
Schanzle-StraSe 1
0-7800 Freiburg, FRG
Introduction
The translation process within photosynthetic organelles of
higher plants and algae is mediated by ribosomes of the 70S
type first described by Lyttelton (1960), which are different
from the cytoplasmic 80S and the mitochondrial 75S ribosomes.
In view of the key function of 70S ribosomes for the expression
of plastome encoded genes and because of the phylogenetic rele
vance of ribosomal RNA structures and their genes, structural
and functional analysis of chloroplast rRNA genes from various
species of higher plants and algae have been carried out in
several laboratories since the beginning of plant molecular
biology at the end of the seventies (for reviews see Palmer,
1985; Gruissem, 1989; Sugiura, 1989; Steinmetz and Weil, 1989;
Delp and Kassel, 1991). In this article a survey is given first
of the major characteristics of chloroplast operon structures
and their constituents and second of our present knowledge of
various steps of rRNA operon expression.
The final section summarizes a general two state model of the
small ribosmal subunit which was recently proposed on the basis
of highly conserved complementary sequences between the 5'- and
3'- terminal regions of small ribosomal subunit RNA (Kassel et
al.,1990).
NATO ASI Series. Vol. H 55
The Translational Apparatus of Photosynthetic Organelles
Edited by R. Mache et at.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1991
2
A. 8tructure of Chloroplast rRNA Operons
A description of chloroplast rRNA operons from various species
and their comparison either between themselves or with the rRNA
operons from bacteria or from other compartments of eukaryotic
cells can be made at the following structural levels:
1. Number and arrangement of operon copies per DNA molecule
Chloroplast DNAs from the majority of higher plants contain
rRNA genes within a pair of inverted repeat regions (Fig. 1a).
Each inverted repeat includes a complete rRNA operon consisting
of genes coding for 168, 238, 4.58 and 58 rRNAs. However, with
certain members of the legume family and the conifers notable
exceptions from the inverted repeat situation have been found
(Fig. 1b). In the chloroplast DNA of these species no inverted
tal Inverted Repeats. Two rRNA-Operons:
Most Higher Plants such as
Maize. Rice.Tobacco.
liverwort and Spinach Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chlo,ella ellipsoidea
Ib I No lmerted Repeal. Single rRNA-Operon, (c J Tandem Repeals. Several r RNA -Operons,
Conifers and certain
leguminosae such as Euglena gracilis Z
Pisum, Vicia,lathyrus
and Medicago
Figure 1. Repeat regions and rRNA operons on chloroplast
genomes. Repeat regions are marked by shading. rRNA genes are
symbolized by the black segments corresponding to 168 rDNA
(middle. sized segments), 238 rDNA (large segments) and 58 rDNA
(small segments) with the arrows indicating the polarity of
transcription. Note that the segment sizes are only approxi
mately drawn to scale.