The Transformation of Care in European Societies

358 Pages·2014·1.509 MB·English

by  Margarita León (eds.)

The Transformation of Care in European Societies
Also by Margarita León
Guillén, A. M. and M. León (2011) The Spanish Welfare State
in the European Context
The Transformation of Care
in European Societies
Edited by
Margarita León
Senior Research Fellow, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Margarita León 2014
Remaining chapters © Respective authors 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-32650-8
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2014 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-67315-5 ISBN 978-1-137-32651-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137326515
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The transformation of care in European societies / edited by Margarita León.
pages cm
Summary: "By bringing together the work of leading international scholars
in the field of care, this book aims to explore the nature and extent of the
'care deficit' problem in European societies and how effective the different
care systems are in dealing with these problems through policy innovation.
This volume combines theoretical and conceptual debates, cross-national
comparisons and analytically-driven case studies. From different inter-
disciplinary approaches and methodologies, the questions this project set
to explore are the ways in which European countries are facing similar
challenges and the factors that help us understand the wide variety of
responses that are being offered"-- Provided by publisher.
1. Public welfare—Europe. 2. Child care—Europe. 3. Older people—
Care—Europe. 4. Europe—Social policy. I. León, Margarita.
HV238.T69 2014
361.94—dc23 2014025916
Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.
Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgements x
Notes on Contributors xi
Introduction 1
Margarita León
Part I Contextualising the Transformation of Care Across Europe
1 Pressures towards and within Universalism: Conceptualising
Change in Care Policy and Discourse 11
Margarita León, Costanzo Ranci and Tine Rostgaard
2 Cross-national Variations in Care and Care as a Labour Market 34
Margarita León, Emmanuele Pavolini and Tine Rostgaard
3 Migrant Care Work in Europe: Variety and Institutional
Determinants 62
Franca van Hooren
4 Explaining Differences in Child Care and Women’s
Employment across Six European ‘Gender Arrangements’ 83
Birgit P fau- Effinger
5 Support for Government Intervention in Child Care across
European Countries 104
Heejung Chung and Bart Meuleman
6 Support to the Elderly and Caring Regimes: An Analysis
of Patterns of Informal Support and their Determinants
in Six European Countries 134
Marco Albertini
Part II National case-studies
7 The Transnationalisation of Older Care in Austria 161
August Österle
8 Nordic Care and Care Work in the Public Service Model of
Denmark: Ideational Factors of Change 182
Tine Rostgaard
v
vi Contents
9 Day Care Trends for Children under Three Years in Germany 208
Pia S. Schober
10 L ong-term and Child Care Policies in Italy between
Familism and Privatisation 233
Costanzo Ranci and Stefania Sabatinelli
11 Transformation of Elderly Care in Poland 256
Jolanta Perek-Białas and Mariola Racław
12 Early Childhood Education and Care Provision in Spain 276
Zyab Ibáñez and Margarita León
13 Divisions of Care Labour: Care for Older People
and Migrant Workers in England 301
Isabel Shutes
14 Similar Trends, Different Responses: The Transformation
of Care in European Societies 324
Margarita León
Index 338
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Long-term care public expenditure, as share of GDP, 2010 37
2.2 Long-term care public expenditure, as share of GDP, spent
on home care, institutional care and cash benefits, 2010 38
2.3 Institutional care and home care use, percentage of 65+,
2000 and 2010 (or most recent year) 39
2.4 Social expenditure on child care and pre-primary care
provisions, as percentage of GDP, 2009 40
2.5 Growth in social expenditure for child care and pre-primary
school provisions, as percentage of growth rate in GDP
spending, 2000–2009 41
5.1 Care risk management dimensions 108
5.2 Support for public child care across 22 European countries
for the total population and for parents living with children
under 12 116
9.1 Trends in formal ECEC attendance for children under age
three in East and West Germany (in per cent) 213
9.2 Rates of formal ECEC attendance in 2012 and maternal
employment in 2010 in East and West Germany, by age of
the child (in per cent) 214
9.3 Percentages of families with a youngest child aged under
three years who use in-house paid and unpaid carers from
2000 to 2010 (Germany) 215
9.4 ECEC structural quality characteristics in 2010 and
educational qualifications of staff in formal ECEC
institutions in 2012 in East and West Germany 218
9.5 Trends in full-time employment of employees in ECEC
institutions and of teachers in primary, lower secondary
and other schools in East and West Germany, 1998–2007 221
vii
viii List of Figures and Tables
9.6 Trends in monthly gross earnings of full-time employees
in ECEC institutions and of teachers in primary, lower
secondary or other schools, 1998–2007, in euros
(2007 base year) 222
13.1 Adult social care workforce by nationality in England, 2011
(per cent) 306
13.2 Adult social care workforce by sector, by nationality in
England, 2011 307
13.3 Adult social care workforce by care setting, by nationality in
England, 2011 308
13.4 Adult social care workforce by care-related occupation, by
nationality in England, 2011 309
13.5 Adult social care workforce by employment status, by
nationality in England, 2011 310
Tables
2.1 LTC institutional design in seven European countries 43
2.2 ECEC institutional design in seven European countries 46
2.3 Profile of workers at different levels of qualification, 2010 54
2.4 Labour conditions of ECEC and LTC workers in education,
care and health sectors, 2010 55
2.5 Pay parity of pre-primary/primary school teachers (annual
earnings in euros), 2010 58
3.1 Foreign care assistants and child-minders by nationality as
percentage of all foreign workers in selected occupation in
England, 2008 66
3.2 Main categories of entry of migrant care workers, 2008 73
4.1 Employment rate of mothers of children under age three
and the proportion of children in this age group in formal
day care in six European countries 91
4.2 The effect of having children under three on the
employment rate of mothers, 2008–2009 93
4.3 Degree of generosity of family policy and differences in the
combination of mothers’ employment and care of children
under three, 2008–2009 95
List of Figures and Tables ix
4.4 Cultural value orientations towards child care and
differences in the combination of mother’s employment
and care of children under three 97
5.1 Question wording for the attitudinal variables and its
answer distribution 115
5.2 Determinants of support for public child care provision in
six different European countries 118
5.3 Summary of the findings of the multigroup SEM 125
6.1 Percentage of elderly individuals receiving formal or
informal care in six European countries at least once during
the observation period 144
6.2 Conditional fixed-effects logistic regression on the
likelihood of receiving informal social support 147
6.3 Conditional fixed-effects logistic regression on
the likelihood of receiving formal care: long stay
hospitalisation/home care/nursing home (model one) or
long stay hospitalisation/home care (models two and three) 149
7.1 Employment in health and social care 2011 by nationality,
country of birth and migration background 169
7.2 Twenty-four-hour care workers in Austria by nationality,
gender and age, 31 December 2012 171
8.1 Leave in Nordic countries, weeks of entitlements full-time
(2014) and fathers’ take-up (2010) 189
8.2 Take-up of ECEC services, percentage of different age
groups, 1995, 2000, 2010 191
8.3 Proportion of children in various ECEC arrangements,
children aged 0–2 years and 3–5 years, 2004 and 2011,
percentage of children in child care 192
8.4 Proportion of older people receiving home help, Denmark,
65+ and 80+, 2008–2012 196
8.5 Long-term care, home help and nursing home care,
percentage of population 65+, Nordic countries, 2012 196
11.1 Long-term health care expenditures as a percentage of GDP 263
12.1 Spanish ECEC salaries and working time, 2011 285
12.2 Professionals in ECEC and elementary education 288