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The torture papers: the road to Abu Ghraib PDF

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This page intentionally left blank THE TORTURE PAPERS TheTorturePapersconsistsoftheso-called“torturememos”andreportsthattheU.S.gov- ernmentofficialswrotetoauthorizeandtodocumentcoerciveinterrogationandtorture inAfghanistan,Guanta´namo,andAbuGhraib.Thisvolumeofdocumentspresentsforthe firsttimeacompilationofmaterialsthatpriortopublicationhaveexistedonlypiecemeal in the public domain. The Bush Administration, concerned about the legality of harsh interrogationtechniques,understoodthedesirabilityofestablishingalegallyviableargu- ment to justify such procedures. The memos and reports in this volume document the systematicattemptoftheU.S.governmenttoauthorizethewayfortorturetechniquesand coercive interrogation practices, forbidden under international law, with the concurrent expressintentofevadingliabilityintheaftermathofanydiscoveryofthesepracticesand policies. KarenJ.GreenbergistheExecutiveDirectoroftheCenteronLawandSecurityattheNew YorkUniversitySchoolofLaw,andeditoroftheNYUReviewofLaw&Security. Joshua L. Dratel is President of the New York State Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and serves on the Board of Directors of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers and is lead defense counsel for David Hicks, an Australian detainee at Guanta´namo. The Torture Papers THE ROAD TO ABU GHRAIB Edited by Karen J. Greenberg Joshua L. Dratel Introduction by Anthony Lewis cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Informationon this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521853248 © Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel 2005 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2005 isbn-13 978-0-511-10995-9 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10 0-511-10995-4 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13 978-0-521-85324-8 hardback isbn-10 0-521-85324-9 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Edited and compiled by Karen J. Greenberg JoshuaL.Dratel,P.C. With special thanks to the entire staff of The Center on Law and Security. Any views expressed in the introductory matter in this volume are solely those of the authorsanddonotreflecttheviewsoropinionsofanyinstitutionororganization. Contents Acknowledgments pagexi Introduction:AnthonyLewis xiii FromFeartoTorture:KarenJ.Greenberg xvii TheLegalNarrative:JoshuaL.Dratel xxi Timeline xxv MissingDocuments xxix BiographicalSketches xxxi Memoranda Memo1. September25,2001 To: TimothyFlanigan,DeputyCounseltothePresident From: JohnYoo,DeputyAssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.Departmentof Justice,OfficeofLegalCounsel Re: MemorandumOpinionfortheDeputyCounseltothePresident 3 Memo2. November13,2001 MilitaryOrderofNovember13,2001issuedbyPresidentGeorge W.Bush 25 Memo3. December28,2001 To: WilliamJ.HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense From: PatrickF.Philbin,DeputyAssistantAttorneyGeneralandJohnYoo, DeputyAssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.DepartmentofJustice,Office ofLegalCounsel Re: PossibleHabeasJurisdictionoverAliensHeldinGuanta´namoBay, Cuba 29 Memo4. January9,2002 To: WilliamJ.HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense From: JohnYoo,DeputyAssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.Departmentof Justice,OfficeofLegalCounselandRobertJ.Delahunty,Special Counsel,U.S.DepartmentofJustice Re: ApplicationofTreatiesandLawstoalQaedaandTalibanDetainees 38 Memo5. January19,2002 To: ChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff From: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense Re: StatusofTalibanandalQaeda 80 v vi Contents Memo6. January22,2002 To: AlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident,andWilliamJ.Haynes, GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense From: JayS.Bybee,AssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.DepartmentofJustice Re: ApplicationofTreatiesandLawstoalQaedaandTalibanDetainees 81 Memo7. January25,2002 To: PresidentBush From: AlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident Re: DecisionReApplicationoftheGenevaConventiononPrisonersof WartotheConflictwithalQaedaandtheTaliban 118 Memo8. January26,2002 To: CounseltothePresident,AssistanttothePresidentforNationalSecurity Affairs From: ColinL.Powell,U.S.DepartmentofState Re: DraftDecisionMemorandumforthePresidentontheApplicability oftheGenevaConventiontotheConflictinAfghanistan 122 Memo9. February1,2002 To: PresidentBush From: JohnAshcroft,AttorneyGeneral Re: JusticeDepartment’spositiononwhytheGenevaConventiondidnot applytoalQaedaandTalibandetainees 126 Memo10. February2,2002 To: CounseltothePresident From: WilliamH.TaftIVLegalAdvisor,U.S.DepartmentofState Re: CommentsonYourPaperontheGenevaConvention 129 Memo11. February7,2002 To: TheVicePresident,TheSecretaryofState,TheSecretaryofDefense,The AttorneyGeneral,ChiefofStafftothePresident,DirectorofCIA, AssistanttothePresidentforNationalSecurityAffairs,Chairmanofthe JointChiefsofStaff From: GeorgeW.Bush Re: HumaneTreatmentofalQaedaandTalibanDetainees 134 Memo12. February7,2002 To: AlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident From: JayB.Bybee,AssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.DepartmentofJustice Re: StatusofTalibanForcesUnderArticle4oftheThirdGeneva Conventionof1949 136 Memo13. February26,2002 To: WilliamJ.HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense From: JayS.Bybee,AssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.DepartmentofJustice Re: PotentialLegalConstraintsApplicabletoInterrogationsofPersons CapturedbyU.S.ArmedForcesinAfghanistan 144 Memo14. August1,2002 To: AlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident From: JayS.Bybee,AssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.DepartmentofJustice Re: StandardsofConductforInterrogationunder18U.S.C. §§2340-2340A 172 Contents vii Memo15. August1,2002 To: AlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident From: JohnYoo,DeputyAssistantAttorneyGeneral,U.S.Departmentof Justice,OfficeofLegalCounsel Re: Letterregarding“theviewsofourOfficeconcerningthelegality, underinternationallaw,ofinterrogationmethodstobeusedon capturedalQaedaoperatives” 218 (Thefollowingthreememos(#s16,17,18)arecoverletterstotherequestsforapproval ofCounter-ResistanceStrategies,whichfollow#s19,20.) Memo16. October25,2002 To: ChairmanoftheJointChiefsofStaff,WashingtonD.C. From: GeneralJamesT.Hill,DepartmentofDefense,U.S.SouthernCommand, Miami,FL Re: Counter-ResistanceTechniques 223 Memo17. October11,2002 To: GeneralJamesT.Hill,Commander,U.S.SouthernCommand,Miami,FL From: Maj.Gen.MichaelDunlavey,DepartmentofDefense,JTF170, Guanta´namoBay,Cuba Re: Counter-ResistanceStrategies 225 Memo18. October11,2002 To: GeneralJamesT.Hill,Commander,JointTaskForce170 From: DianeBeaver,StaffJudgeAdvocate,DepartmentofDefense,JTF170, Guanta´namoBay,Cuba Re: LegalReviewofAggressiveInterrogationTechniques 226 Memo19. October11,2002 To: GeneralJamesT.Hill,Commander,JointTaskForce170 From: JeraldPhifer,Director,J2,DepartmentofDefense,JTF170, Guanta´namoBay,Cuba Re: RequestforApprovalofCounter-ResistanceStrategies 227 Memo20. October11,2002 To: GeneralJamesT.Hill,Commander,JointTaskForce170 From: DianeBeaver,StaffJudgeAdvocate,DepartmentofDefense,JTF170, Guanta´namoBay,Cuba Re: LegalBriefonProposedCounter-ResistanceStrategies 229 Memo21. November27,2002(approvedbyRumsfeldDecember2,2002) To: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense From: WilliamJ.HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense Re: Counter-ResistanceTechniques 237 Memo22. January15,2003 To: GeneralCounseloftheDepartmentofDefense From: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense Re: DetaineeInterrogations 238 Memo23. January15,2003 To: CommanderU.S.SouthernCommand From: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense Re: Counter-ResistanceTechniques 239 viii Contents Memo24. January17,2003 To: GeneralCounseloftheDepartmentoftheAirForce From: WilliamJ.HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense Re: WorkingGrouptoAssess(Interrogationissues) 240 Memo25. March6,2003 Classifiedby: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense DRAFT: WorkingGroupReportonDetaineeInterrogationsintheGlobal WaronTerrorism:AssessmentofLegal,Historical,Policy,and OperationalConsiderations 241 Memo26. April4,2003 Classifiedby: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense WorkingGroupReportonDetaineeInterrogationsintheGlobal WaronTerrorism:AssessmentofLegal,Historical,Policy,and OperationalConsiderations 286 Memo27. April16,2003 To: JamesT.Hill,Commander,U.S.SouthernCommand From: DonaldRumsfeld,SecretaryofDefense Re: Counter-ResistanceTechniquesintheWaronTerrorism 360 Memo28. March19,2004 To: WilliamH.TaftIV,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofState,WilliamJ. HaynesII,GeneralCounsel,DepartmentofDefense,JohnBellinger, LegalAdviserforNationalSecurity,ScottMuller,GeneralCounsel, CentralIntelligenceAgency DistributedtoAlbertoR.Gonzales,CounseltothePresident From: JackGoldsmithIII,AssistantAttorneyGeneral,OfficeofLegalCounsel Re: DraftofanopinionconcerningthemeaningofArticle49ofthe FourthGenevaConventionasitappliesinoccupiedIraq. 366 Reports February2004(TheICRCReport) 383 ReportoftheInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)onthe TreatmentbytheCoalitionForcesofPrisonersofWarandOtherProtected PersonsbytheGenevaConventionsinIraqDuringArrest,Internmentand Interrogation March2004(TheTagubaReport) 405 Article15-6Investigationofthe800th MilitaryPoliceBrigade AnnexestotheTagubaReport UndatedPsychologicalAssessmentofAllegationsofDetaineeAbuse atAbuGhraibbyCol.HenryNelson,USAFPsychiatrist September2003Maj.Gen.GeoffreyMiller’sassessmentregarding interrogationandintelligenceoperationsinIraq Memo12October2003 To:CombinedJointTaskForceSeven,Baghdad,Iraq From:RicardoS.Sanchez,LieutenantGeneral,USACommanding Re:InterrogationandCounter-ResistancePolicy

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The Torture Papers document the so-called 'torture memos' and reports which US government officials wrote to prepare the way for, and to document, coercive interrogation and torture in Afghanistan, Guantanamo, and Abu Ghraib. These documents present for the first time a compilation of materials that
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