The Tomato Crop: A scientific basis for improvement

667 Pages·1986·82.063 MB·English

by  Atherton, J. and Rudich, J.

THE TOMATO CROP
A scientific basis for improvement
SERIES EDITOR
E. H. Roberts
Professor of Crop Production, Department of Agriculture
and Horticulture, University of Reading
'IRE TOMATO CROP
A scientific basis for improvement
Edited by
J.G. Atherton
Department of Agriculture and Horticulture
University of Nottingham School of Agriculture
and
the late
J. Rudich
The Levi Eshkol School of Agriculture
The Hebrew University ofJ erusalem
London New York
CHAPMAN AND HALL
First published in 1986 by
Chapman and Hall Ltd
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P4EE
Published in the USA by
Chapman and Hall
29 West 35th Street, New York NY 10001
© 1986 Chapman and Hall Ltd
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Tomato crop: a scientific basis
for improvement.
1. Tomatoes
I. Atherton, J. G. (Jeffrey Gordon)
II. Rudich, J.
635' .642 SB349
ISBN-13:978-94-010-7910-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-3137-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The tomato crop.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Tomatoes. I. Atherton, J. G., 1948-
II. Rudich, J.
SB349.T66 1986 635'.642 86-9758
Contents
Preface xi
Contributors xiii
1 Biosystematics of the tomato 1
l. B. Taylor
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Taxonomic status of the tomato within the family Solanaceae 1
1.3 Composition of the genus Lycopersicon 2
1.4 The problem of Solanum (or Lycopersicon) pennellii 21
1.5 Other closely related Solanum species 22
References 30
2 Genetics and Breeding 35
M. Allen Stevens and C. M. Rick
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Mutants 35
2.3 Cytogenetics 52
2.4 Linkage 53
2.5 Mutation 56
2.6 Biochemical and molecular genetics 57
2.7 Developmental and physiological genetics 58
2.8 Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization 59
2.9 History of tomato breeding 63
2.10 Resistance to disease 65
2.11 Resistance to nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 73
2.12 Resistance to insects 74
2.13 Tolerance of stress 75
2.14 Nutrient use efficiency 78
2.15 Parthenocarpy 79
2.16 Male sterility 80
2.17 Fruit quality 84
2.18 Cultivars for machine harvest 96
VI Contents
2.19 Cultivars for greenhouse production 97
2.20 Seed production 98
2.21 Seed crop husbandry 98
References 100
3 Germination and vegetative development 111
A. J. F. Picken, K. StewartandD. Klapwijk
3.1 Introduction 111
3.2 Germination 112
3.3 Vegetative development 119
3.4 Conclusions 155
3.5 Acknowledgements 155
3.6 Abbreviations 155
3.6 Symbols used in text 156
References 157
4 Flowering 167
J. G. Atherton and G. P. Harris
4.1 Introduction 167
4.2 Significance of flowering in tomato production 167
4.3 Floral morphology 168
4.4 Growth and flowering of determinate and indeterminate
cultivars 171
4.5 Shoot environment and flowering 173
4.6 Root environment and flowering 181
4.7 Plant growth regulators and flowering 184
4.8 Growth correlations and flowering 189
4.9 Concluding remarks 194
4.10 Acknowledgements 194
References 194
5 Fruit development 201
L. C. HoandJ. D. Hewitt
5.1 Significance of fruit development in tomato production 201
5.2 Processes of pollination and fertilization 202
5.3 Morphology and anatomy of fruits 206
5.4 Factors affecting the rate offruit development 209
5.5 Assimilate distribution in fruiting plants 215
5.6 Growth regulators and parthenocarpic fruit formation 224
References 231
6 Fruit ripening and qualit)' 241
D. GriersonandA. A. Kader
6.1 Introduction 241
Contents Vll
6.2 Physiology and biochemistry of ripening 241
6.3 Quality components and evaluation procedures 259
6.4 Pre-harvest factors influencing quality 265
6.5 Post-harvest factors influencing quality 272
References 275
7 Mineral nutrition 281
P.Adams
7.1 Introduction 281
7.2 Growth and crop responses to nutrients 281
7.3 Factors affecting responses to nutrients 289
7.4 Nutrient uptake and distribution 305
7.5 Nutritional disorders 312
7.6 Estimating nutrient requirements 317
7.7 Future developments 323
References 324
8 Water economy 335
1. Rudich and U. Luchinsky
8.1 Introduction 335
8.2 Water potential 335
8.3 Cell and plant growth 339
8.4 Development of the root system 341
8.5 Turgor maintenance by osmotic adjustment 343
8.6 The importance of osmotic adjustment 344
8.7 Stomatal behaviour 345
8.8 The role of abscisic acid and other hormones in water stress 347
8.9 Carbon metabolism and translocation of assimilates 348
8.10 Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis 350
8.11 Adaptation to water stress 350
8.12 Effects of salinity 351
8.13 Responses to waterlogging 353
8.14 Interspecific differences in drought resistance 353
8.15 Quantitative indices of water stress and irrigation planning 354
8.16 Effects of water tension on the crop 358
8.17 Water economy and fruit quality 360
References 361
9 Disorders 369
P. Grimbly
9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 Rogues 369
9.3 Silvering 373
9.4 Leaf distortion 378
Vlll Contents
9.5 Silvering and leaf distortion on seedlings 378
9.6 Other chimerical disorders 379
9.7 Cytoplasmic inheritance in the tomato 380
9.8 Triploids 380
9.9 Non-genetic disorders 381
9.10 Damage from aerial pollutants 381
9.11 Other chemically induced disorders 384
9.12 Disorders related to flooding and water stress 385
References 386
10 Pests 391
M. 1. Berlinger
10.1 Introduction 391
10.2 Pest damage 394
10.3 Geographical distribution of pests 402
10.4 The biology and control of some important pests 404
10.5 Pest management 427
References 432
11 Diseases 443
1. C. Watterson
11.1 Introduction 443
11.2 Disease development in protected and field crops 444
11.3 Major tomato diseases of Europe , USA and the Middle East 447
11.4 Disease control strategy 473
References 480
12 Weed control 485
A. H. Lange, B. B. FischerandF. M. Ashton
12.1 Introduction 485
12.2 Weed biology 487
12.3 Field management for weed control 490
12.4 Herbicides 493
12.5 General conclusions 501
References 509
13 Field crop management 511
C. Geisenberg and K. Stewart
13.1 Introduction 511
13.2 Timing of operations 511
13.3 Timingofiruitproduction 514
13.4 Land preparation 515
13.5 Pre-planting water, fertilizer and chimerical treatments 515
Contents ix
13.6 Seedbed conditions 516
13.7 Crop spacing and arrangement 517
13.8 Transplant production 520
13.9 Fluid drilling 520
13.10 Pre-sowing salt treatments and osmoconditioning 523
13.11 Plug mix planting 525
13.12 Fertilizers 527
13.13 Soil mulching 530
13 .14 Irrigation 533
13.15 Training and trimming field tomatoes 539
13 .16 Field production under partial protection with
plastic tunnels 540
13.17 Fruit set 544
13.18 Enhancement offruit ripening 546j
13 .19 Harvest and handling 547
References 551
14 The future of the field crop 559
M. Allen Stevens
14.1 Recent trends in production and consumption in the USA 559
14.2 Cultivars for the future 567
14.3 Cultural practices 575
14.4 Harvesting 576
14.5 Conclusions 578
References 578
15 Glasshouse crop production 581
J. vandeVooren, G. W. H. Welles and G. Hayman
15.1 Introduction 581
15.2 Economics 581
15.3 Glasshouse structure and equipment 584
15.4 Planting and cropping schedules 585
15.5 Substrates 586
15.6 Nutrition and irrigation 587
15.7 Varieties 593
15.8 Crop spacing and arrangement 594
15.9 Transplant production 599
15.10 Training and management systems 601
15.11 Environmental factors 607
15.12 Harvest of tomato fruits 614
15.13 Integrated pest management in glasshouse tomatoes 617
References 620
x Contents
16 An economic consideration of the future for glasshouse tomatoes 625
J. A. H. Nicholson
16.1 Introduction 625
16.2 Current profitability of heated tomato crops 625
16.3 Short-term options for glasshouse tomato growers 638
16.4 Some future scenarios 640
16.5 Conclusions 642
16.6 Towards the year 2000 643
References 644
Index 647
Magnifications given for the electron micrographs refer to the original frame
magnification.