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THE TOKUGAWA WORLD With over 60 contributions, The Tokugawa World presents the latest scholarship on early modern Japan from an international team of specialists in a volume that is unmatched in its breadth and scope. In its early modern period, under the Tokugawa shoguns, Japan was a world apart. For over two centuries the shogun’s subjects were forbidden to travel abroad and few outsiders were admitted. Yet in this period, Japan evolved as a nascent capit- alist society that could rapidly adjust to its incorporation into the world system after its forced “opening” in the 1850s. The Tokugawa World demonstrates how Japan’s early modern society took shape and evolved: a world of low and high cultures, comic books and Confucian academies, soba restaurants and imperial music recitals, rigid enforcement of social hierarchy yet also ongoing resistance to class oppression. A world of outcastes, puppeteers, herbal doctors, samurai officials, businesswomen, scientists, scholars, blind lutenists, peasant rebels, tea-masters, sumo wrestlers, and wage workers. Covering a variety of features of the Tokugawa world including the physical land- scape, economy, art and literature, religion and thought, and education and science, this volume is essential reading for all students and scholars of early modern Japan. Gary P. Leupp is Professor of History, Tufts University, author of Servants, Shophands and Laborers in the Cities of Tokugawa Japan (1989); Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan (1993); Interracial Intimacy: Japanese Women and Western Men, 1543–1900 (2001), and other works on class, gender, and ethnicity in Japanese history. De-min Tao is Professor Emeritus at Kansai University, Japan, author of A Study of the Kaitokudō Neo-Confucianism (J. 1994); Yoshida Shōin and Commodore Perry: A Multilingual Study of the 1854 Shimoda Incident (2020); and An Alternative Image of Naitō Konan: 20 Years of Research about the Naitō Collection at Kansai University Library (J. 2021) THE ROUTLEDGE WORLDS THE SWAHILI WORLD Edited by Stephanie Wynne-Jones and Adria LaViolette THE MEDIEVAL WORLD, SECOND EDITION Edited by Peter Linehan, Janet L. Nelson, and Marios Costambeys THE ELAMITE WORLD Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello and Yasmina Wicks THE FIN-DE-SIÈCLE WORLD Edited by Michael Saler THE GNOSTIC WORLD Edited by Garry W. Trompf, Gunner B. Mikkelsen and Jay Johnston THE ANDEAN WORLD Edited by Linda J. Seligmann and Kathleen Fine-Dare THE SYRIAC WORLD Edited by Daniel King THE FAIRY TALE WORLD Edited by Andrew Teverson THE MELANESIAN WORLD Edited by Eric Hirsch and Will Rollason THE MING WORLD Edited by Kenneth M. Swope THE GOTHIC WORLD Edited by Glennis Byron and Dale Townshend THE IBERIAN WORLD Edited by Fernando Bouza, Pedro Cardim, and Antonio Feros THE MAYA WORLD Edited by Scott Hutson and Traci Ardren THE WORLD OF THE OXUS CIVILIZATION Edited by Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda Dubova THE GRAECO-BACTRIAN AND INDO-GREEK WORLD Edited by Rachel Mairs THE UMAYYAD WORLD Edited by Andrew Marsham THE ASANTE WORLD Edited by Edmund Abaka and Kwame Osei Kwarteng THE SAFAVID WORLD Edited by Rudi Matthee THE BIBLICAL WORLD, SECOND EDITION Edited by Katharine J. Dell THE TOKUGAWA WORLD Edited by Gary P. Leupp and De-min Tao https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge- Worlds/ book- series/W ORLDS T H E T O K U G AWA W O R L D rsr Edited by Gary P. Leupp and De-min Tao First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Gary P. Leupp and De-min Tao; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Gary P. Leupp and De-min Tao to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Leupp, Gary P., editor. | Tao, Demin, 1951– editor. Title: The Tokugawa world / edited by Gary P. Leupp, and De-min Tao. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, [2021] | Series: Routledge worlds | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021008191 | ISBN 9781138936850 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032057231 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003198888 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Japan—History—Tokugawa period, 1600–1868. | Japan—Social life and customs—1600–1868. Classification: LCC DS871 .T565 2021 | DDC 952/.025—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021008191 ISBN: 978-1-138-93685-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-05723-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-19888-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003198888 Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra CONTENTS rsr List of figures xi List of maps xvii List of tables xviii List of contributors xix Preface xxv Introduction 1 PART I NATIONAL REUNIFICATION, 1563–1603 5 1 The three unifiers of the state (tenka): Nobunaga (1534–82), Hideyoshi (1536–98), and Ieyasu (1543–1616) 7 Fujita Tatsuo 藤田達生 2 Japan’s invasions of Korea in 1592–98 and the Hideyoshi regime 23 Nam-Lin Hur 3 The life and afterlife of Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) 46 Morgan Pitelka PART II THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE 61 4 Water management in Tokugawa Japan 63 Murata Michihito 村田路人 5 The King Yu legend and flood control in Tokugawa Japan 80 Wang Min 王敏 6 Earthquakes in historical context 99 Gregory Smits v — Contents — 7 The center of the shogun’s realm: building Nihonbashi 117 Timon Screech PART III TOKUGAWA SOCIETY 135 8 The samurai in Tokugawa Japan 137 Constantine Vaporis 9 Villages and farmers in the Tokugawa period 159 Watanabe Takashi 渡辺尚志 10 Popular movements in the Edo period: peasants, peasant uprisings, and the development of lawful petitions 175 Taniyama Masamichi 谷山正道 11 Coastal whaling and its impact on early modern Japan 200 Jakobina Arch 12 Outcastes and their social roles in Tokugawa Japan 213 Maren Ehlers PART IV FAMILY, GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND REPRODUCTION 231 13 Women in cities and towns 233 Amy Stanley 14 Childhood in Tokugawa Japan 249 Kristin Williams 15 Growing small bodies at the point of skin: young children’s bodies and health in sacred skinscape 271 William Lindsey PART V TOKUGAWA ECONOMY 285 16 Food fights, but it’s always for fun in early modern Japan 287 Eric Rath 17 The silk weavers of Nishijin: wage-laborers in the Tokugawa world 304 Gary P. Leupp 18 The marketing of urban human waste and urban-fringe agriculture around the Tokugawa cities 322 Tajima Kayo 田島夏与 vi — Contents — PART VI TOKUGAWA JAPAN IN THE WORLD 335 19 Japan and the world in Tokugawa maps 337 Kären Wigen 20 Nihonmachi in Southeast Asia in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries 350 Travis Seifman 21 Rethinking Ezo-chi, the Ainu, and Tokugawa Japan in a global perspective 370 Noémi Godefroy 22 The opening of the Tokugawa world and Japan’s foreign relations: the visits of Korean embassies to Japan 405 Nakao Hiroshi 仲尾宏 23 Early modern Ryukyu between China and Japan 420 Watanabe Miki 渡辺 美季 24 Dutch East India Company relations with Tokugawa Japan 442 Adam Clulow 25 The presence of black people in Japan during the Edo period 453 Fujita Midori 藤田緑 26 Seventeenth-century Chinese émigrés and Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges 470 Shing-Ching Shyu 徐興慶 27 Selective Sakoku? Tantalizing hints of the Japanese in China after the Tokugawa maritime prohibition 485 Xing Hang 杭行 28 Tokugawa Japan and the rise of modern racial thought in the West 501 Rotem Kowner PART VII THE PERFORMING ARTS AND SPORT 517 29 The musical world of Tokugawa Japan 519 Alison Tokita 30 Visual disability and musical culture in Edo-period Japan 543 Gerald Groemer 31 Tominaga Nakamoto (1715–46) and Gagaku (court music) 560 Intō Kazuhiro 印藤和寛 vii — Contents — 32 Staging senseless violence: early jōruri puppet theater and the culture of performance 578 Keller Kimbrough 33 Rural kabuki and the imagination of Japanese identity in the late Tokugawa Period 594 William Fleming 34 Sumo wrestling in the Tokugawa period 611 Lee Thompson PART VIII ART AND LITERATURE 625 35 Shunga in Tokugawa society and culture 627 Andrew Gerstle 36 Uses of shunga and ukiyo-e in the Tokugawa period 647 Hayakawa Monta 早川聞多 37 The two paths of love in the fiction of Ihara Saikaku 668 David Gundry 38 Furuta Oribe: controversial daimyo tea-master 685 Kaminishi Ikumi 上西郁美 39 Grass booklets and the roots of manga: comic books in the Tokugawa period 705 Glynne Walley 40 An iconology of the Orchid Pavilion Gathering: image, text, and communities in Tokugawa-era Japan 730 Kazuko Kameda-Madar 亀田和子 41 The folk worldview of Chronicles of the Eight Dog Heroes of the Satomi Clan of Nansō 747 Inoue Atsushi 井上厚史 42 Okakura Kakuzō and the Osaka Painting Schools of the Tokugawa era 764 Nakatani Nobuo 中谷伸生 43 The rise and fall and spring of haiku 781 Adam L. Kern PART IX RELIGION AND THOUGHT 799 44 Christians, Christianity, and Kakure Kirishitan in Japan (1549–1868) 801 Jan Leuchtenberger viii — Contents — 45 Pilgrimage in Tokugawa Japan 815 Barbara Ambros 46 Structuring the canon: exceptionalism and Kokugaku 830 Mark McNally 47 The image of Susanoo in Hirata Atsutane’s Koshiden 844 Tajiri Yūichirō 田尻祐一郎 48 Itō Jinsai and the origins of Classical Learning (Kogaku) 855 Tsuchida Kenjirō 土田健次郎 49 Mapping intellectual history: the neo-Confucian schools of Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, and Ogyū Sorai as mirrored in Islamic thought 872 Kojima Yasunori 小島康敬 50 Emperor-centrism and the historiography of the Mito School 888 Kojima Tsuyoshi 小島毅 51 Heigaku and bushidō: military thought in the Tokugawa world 902 Maeda Tsutomu 前田勉 52 Confucian views of life and death 925 Takahashi Fumihiro 高橋文博 PART X EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 945 53 Tokugawa popular education 947 Brian Platt 54 The Greater Learning for Women and women’s moral education in Tokugawa Japan 965 Yabuta Yutaka 藪田貫 55 “Reading” of the Chinese classics and the history of thought in the Edo period 983 Nakamura Shunsaku 中村春作 56 Health, disease, and epidemics in late Tokugawa Japan 999 William Johnston 57 Doctors and herbal medicine in Tokugawa Japan 1016 Machi Senjurō 町泉寿郎 58 The history of natural history in Tokugawa Japan 1038 Federico Marcon 59 Attitudes toward celestial events in Tokugawa Japan 1054 Sugi Takeshi 杉岳志 ix
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