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The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy PDF

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The Thirty Years War . peter h wilson . The Thirty Years War Europe's Tragedy The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts Copyright©PeterH.Wilson,2009 All Rights reserved Themoralrightoftheauthorhasbeenasserted Printed in the United States of America First Published 2009 by the Penguin Group Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London wc2r 0rl, England First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2011 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilson, Peter H. (Peter Hamish) The Thirty Years War : Europe’s tragedy / Peter H. Wilson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-03634-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-674-06231-3 (pbk.) 1. Thirty Years’ War, 1918–1648. 2. Europe—History, Military—1492–1648. I. Title D258.W55 2009 940.2′4–dc22 2009011266 Formyfamily . Contents ListofIllustrations xi ListofMapsandBattlePlans xiv ListofTables xvi NoteonForm xvii TheHabsburgFamilyTree1500–1665 xviii Map of Central Europe, 1618 xx NoteonCurrencies xxii Preface xxiii part one Beginnings 1 Introduction 3 ThreeMenandaWindow 3 Interpretations 4 TheArgument 8 2 TroubleintheHeartofChristendom 12 TheEmpire 12 Confessionalization 25 ReligionandImperialLaw 41 3 Casad’Austria 49 LandsandDynasty 49 EstatesandConfession 53 TheCatholicRevival 64 4 TheTurkishWaranditsConsequences 76 TheTurkishMenace 76 TheWaysofWar 83 TheLongTurkishWar 97 TheBrothers’Quarrel 106 vii contents 5 PaxHispanica 116 TheSpanishMonarchy 116 TheDutchRevolt1568–1609 129 TheSpanishRoad 151 SpanishPeace-making 161 6 DominiumMarisBaltici 168 Denmark 168 TheDividedHouseofVasa 178 Poland-Lithuania 192 7 FromRudolftoMatthias1582–1612 197 ReligionandtheGermanPrinces 197 ConfessionandImperialPoliticsto1608 207 UnionandLiga1608–9 225 TheJu¨lich-ClevesCrisis1609–10 229 8 OntheBrink? 239 EmperorMatthias 239 TheUskokWarandtheHabsburgSuccession 1615–17 255 PalatineBrinkmanship 261 part two Conflict 9 TheBohemianRevolt1618–20 269 ForLibertyandPrivilege 269 AKingforaCrown 281 FerdinandGathershisForces 294 WhiteMountain 299 AccountingforFailure 308 10 FerdinandTriumphant1621–4 314 ThePalatineCause 314 ProtestantPaladins 325 TheCatholicAscendancy1621–9 347 11 OlivaresandRichelieu 362 Olivares 362 Richelieu 371 TheValtellina 381 viii contents 12 Denmark’sWaragainsttheEmperor1625–9 385 TroubleinLowerSaxony 385 Wallenstein 391 Denmark’sDefeat1626–9 409 13 TheThreatofEuropeanWar1628–30 424 TheBaltic 425 TheNetherlands 434 MantuaandLaRochelle 438 TheEdictofRestitution 446 TheRegensburgElectoralCongress1630 454 14 TheLionoftheNorth1630–2 459 SwedishIntervention 459 BetweentheLionandtheEagle 465 TheSwedishEmpire 476 CallsforAssistance 487 Zenith 494 15 WithoutGustavus1633–4 512 TheHeilbronnLeague 512 TensionalongtheRhine 519 SpainIntervenes 527 Wallenstein:theFinalAct 534 TheTwoFerdinands 543 16 FortheLibertyofGermany1635–6 554 RichelieuResolvesonWar 554 TheWarintheWest1635–6 559 ThePeaceofPrague1635 565 AppealstoPatriotism 573 RenewedEffortsforPeace 584 17 HabsburgHighTide1637–40 588 Stalemate 588 ResolutionontheRhine 598 PeaceforNorthGermany? 612 18 IntheBalance1641–3 622 TheFranco-SwedishAlliance1641 622 TheWarintheEmpire1642–3 633 Spain’sGrowingCrisis1635–43 645 FromBredatoRocroi1637–43 659 ix contents 19 PressuretoNegotiate1644–5 671 TheWestphalianCongress 671 FranceinGermany1644 678 TheBalticBecomesSwedish1643–5 685 1645:Annushorribilisetmirabilis 692 20 WarorPeace1646–8 709 ACrisisofConfidence1646 709 TowardsConsensus 716 Spain’sPeacewiththeDutch 728 TheFinalRound1648 738 part three Aftermath 21 TheWestphalianSettlement 751 TheInternationalDimension 751 AChristianPeace 758 Demobilization 769 TheImperialRecovery 773 22 TheHumanandMaterialCost 779 AnAll-destructiveFury? 779 TheDemographicImpact 786 TheEconomicImpact 795 TheCrisisoftheTerritorialState 807 CulturalImpact 812 23 ExperiencingWar 822 TheNatureofExperience 822 Military–CivilRelations 827 Perceptions 839 Commemoration 845 Abbreviations 853 Notes 855 Index 927 x

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