The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 PDF
Preview The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924
The Thirty- Year Genocide THE THIRTY- YEAR GENOCIDE Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924 benny morris & dror ze’evi harvard university press Cambridge, Mas sa chu setts, and London, England 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca First printing Jacket design: Tim Jones Jacket credit: Photograph of Armenian woman kneeling beside dead child in field “within sight of help and safety at Aleppo,” courtesy of the Library of Congress. 9780674240087 (EPUB) 9780674240094 (MOBI) 9780674240070 (PDF) The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Names: Morris, Benny, 1948– author. | Ze’evi, Dror, 1953– author. Title: The thirty- year genocide : Turkey’s destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924 / Benny Morris and Dror Ze’evi. Description: Cambridge, Mas sa chu setts : Harvard University Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018028342 | ISBN 9780674916456 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Religious minorities— Turkey— History—19th century. | Religious minorities— Turkey— History—20th century. | Genocide— Turkey— Religious aspects— Chris tian ity. | Genocide— Turkey— History—19th century. | Genocide— Turkey— History—20th century. | Christians— Turkey— History—19th century. | Christians— Turkey— History—20th century. | Persecution— Turkey— History—19th century. | Persecution— Turkey— History—20th century. | Armenian question. | Kemalism. Classification: LCC DR576 .M6725 2019 | DDC 364.15/10956109041— dc23 LC rec ord available at https:// lccn . loc . gov / 2018028342 For my grandchildren, And for mine, Eliya and Stavi, Itamar and Roee Ayala, Zohar, and Matan Haleli, Eden, Nuri, and Kedem Benny Dror Contents Glossary ix Place Names xiii Introduction 1 part i abdülhamid ii 1 Nationalist Awakenings in the Nineteenth- Century Ottoman Empire 15 2 The Massacres of 1894–1896 44 part ii the young turks 3 A More Turkish Empire 137 4 The Eastern River 171 5 The Western River, and Downstream 212 6 A Policy of Genocide 244 part iii mustafa kemal and the nationalists 7 Historical Background, 1918–1924 265 8 Turks and Armenians, 1919–1924 293 9 Turks and Greeks, 1919–1924 381 Conclusion 485 Abbreviations 509 Notes 511 Bibliography 623 Acknowl edgments 639 Illustration Credits 641 Index 645 Glossary Words in Turkish are rendered in modern Romanized Turkish orthography. In this system c is pronounced j in Eng lish; ç is pronounced ch; ğ is usually unvocalized and lengthens the preceding vowel; and ı (undotted) is pro- nounced as the vowel u in the word turn. When a non-T urkish version is commonly used, the Turkish version is given in parentheses. aga (ağa) (Kurdish) chieftain amele taburları labor battalions amira an Armenian notable, in the ser vice of the Ottoman state bashi bazouk (başıbozuk) irregular soldier, sometimes brigand cavass (kavas) ceremonial guard at an embassy or consulate çete (cheteh) brigand, guerrilla, gangs chiftlik (çiftlik, jiftlik) large farm, estate Dashnak (Dashnaksutyun) po liti cal party, federation, short for Armenian Revolutionary Federation or ARF dhimmi legal system whereby non- Muslims are protected by Muslim states in exchange for undertaking certain obligations dragoman (tercüman) embassy translator (and often negotiator on behalf of the embassy with the authorities) Emniyet / Emniyet- i Umumiye Interior Ministry’s Public Security Müdüriyeti Directorate emvāl- ı metruke abandoned property eşkiya (eshkiya) rebels, mutineers esnaf artisans, or guilds of merchants and artisans
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