the third international symposium on tilapia in aquaculture

585 Pages·2010·12.17 MB·English

RS.V. PULLIN J.B. AMON KOTHIAS
J. LAZARD D. PAULY
M. LEGENDRE Translations by
C. lHOMME-BINUDIN
Republique deCoted'ivoire
InternationalCenterforLivingAquatic ero
ResourcesManagement Centrederecherchesoceanologiques
L'lnstitutfran!;aisderecherchescientifique Centredecooperationinternationaleenrecherche
pourIedeveloppementencooperation With the cooperation of agronomiquepourIedeveloppement
7t\
Cooperation Centretechnique
fran!;aise decooperationagricoleetrurale
THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON TILAPIA IN AQUACULTURE
Edited by
R.S.V: PULLIN
J.LAZARD
M.LEGENDRE
J.B. AMON KOTHIAS
D.PAULY
Translations by
C. LHOMME-BINUDIN
1996
Republique deCoted'ivoire
ero
InternationalCenterforLivingAquatic
ResourcesManagement Centrederecherchesoceanologiques
L'Institutfram;aisderecherchescientifique
pourIedeveloppementencooperation Centredecooperationinternationaleenrecherche
agronomiquepourIedeveloppement
With the cooperation of
Cooperation Centretechnique
frane<aise decooperationagricoleetrurale
Tbe Tbird International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture
Edited by
R.S.V. PULLIN, J. LAZARD, M. LEGENDRE,J.B. AMON KOTtlIAS and D. PAULY
Translations by
C. LtlOMME-BINUDIN
1996
Published bythe International Centerfor Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM),
MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati City, Philippines; and
The Centre de recherches oceanologiques (CRO) -Abidjan, 29, rue des Pecheurs, BPV 18
Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire;
The Institut fnin\;ais de recherche scientifique pourIe developpement en cooperation
(ORSTOM), 213, rue La Fayette, 75480 Paris cedex 10, France; and
The Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour Ie developpementj
Departementd'elevage etde medecineveterinaire (CIRAD-EMVT), Campus international de
Baillarguet, B.P. 5035, 34032 MontpellierCedex 1, France.
Printed in Manila, Philippines.
Pullin, R.S.V., J. Lazard, M. Legendre,J.B. Amon Kothias and D. Pauly, Editors. 1996.
Translated from the French byC. Lhomme-Binudin. The Third International Symposium on
Tilapia in Aquaculture. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 41, 575 p.
Copyediting: Lilybeth Eleccion. Leticia B. Dizon. Marie Sol M. Sadorra and Marciana E. Araneta
Proofreading: Lilybeth Eleccion, Marie Sol M. Sadorra, JessicaA. Moya, Marciana E. Araneta
and Rachel Africa
Layout: Ariel C. Aquisap
Cover: Tilapia design from an Ivorian batik. Coverdesign by Alan Siegfrid Esquillon.
ISSN 0115-4435
ISBN 971-8709-42-8
ICLARM Contribution No. 1325
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Contents
Foreword viii
Preface ••.••••..••••..••.•••••••.•••••••...•••....•••••••••••••....•••••.•••••••••.•••••••..••••••••••..•••••.•••••ix
A. KEYNOTE PAPERS
World TiIapia Culture and Its Future Prospects' R.S.V. Pullin 1
TiIapia Culture in Francophone SubSaharan Africa: Current Status and
Future Prospects' J. Lazardand J.-Y. Weigel 17
B. PAPERS PRESENTED
Session I: Culture Systems, Management and Production
Comparative Growth of Oreochromis niloticusand Sarotherodongalilaeus
in Small Artificial Lakes in Burkina Faso and the Larger Lakes of
Africa' E. Baijot, I. Barry, S. Bouda, K.n. Kaboreand A.C. Traore 28
The Integration of Extensive Aquaculture (Acadja-enclos) into the Lagoon
Village Environment in Cote d'Ivoire • J.R. Durandand S. /fem 33
Philippine TiIapia FarmingTechnologies and Their Relevance to Africa'
R.D. GuerreroIII 42
Acadja-enclos Used in Cote d'Ivoire as an Extensive Aquaculture System'
S. /fem and J.L.I3. Avit 46
Liming ofFishponds in Malawi: A Comparative Study of Limed and Unlimed
Ponds • D.M. Jamuand O.V. Msiska 54
Stock Manipulation in Farmed Tilapias in Malawi • E.K.W.If. Kaunda 62
Strategies for Stocking Nile TiIapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Fertilized
c.r.
Ponds' Knud-/fansenand C. KweiLin 70
The Spontaneous Reproduction ofTilapia: an Opportunity or a I1andicap for
the Development ofAfrican Aquaculture? • J. Lazardand
N. Legendre 87
Selective Broodfish Exchange of Oreochromisniloticusin Large Breeding
I1apas Suspended in Earthen Ponds • D.C. Little, D.J. Macintosh
and P. Edwards 92
The Effect ofSex Ratio at Stocking on Growth and Recruitment in Nile
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Ponds • G.C. Nairand A.A. Van Dam.... 100
Comparison ofthe Growth of Oreochromis karongaeand O. shiranus
in Fishponds in Malawi· A.O. Naluwa and N.W. Dickson 108
Growth. Survival and Sex Ratios of Oreochromis urolepis hornorum.
O. niloticusand Their Hybrid Treated with 17a-Methyltestosterone •
D.E. Meyerand R.O. Smitherman 112
Designing New Fish Farming Models Adapted to Rural Cote d'Ivoire •
F. Morfssens, M. Oswald, F. Sanchezand S. nem 118
Growth Performance of Oreochromis lidole, O. squamipinnis, O. shiranus
and O. karongae, New Candidate Species for Aquaculture in Open
Waters and Fishponds in Malawi' O.V. I'1siskaand B.A.
Costa-Pierce '.. 129
Management of Tilapia (Oreochromis shiranus and TiJapia rendalb) in
Ponds of Smallholder Farmers in Mwanza and Zomba West
Districts of Malawi • J.T.B. l'1utamboand S.A. Langston 135
Utilization of On-farm Resources for Aquaculture in Rural Africa • R.F. Noble... 141
iii
Effects of Pond Depth and Mechanical Mixing on Production of Oreochromis
niJoticusin Manured Earthen Ponds • J.P. Szyperand K.D. nopkins...... 152
Production ofFlorida Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) Fry in Brackishwater
Tanks under Different Feeding Regimes and Stocking Densities •
W.O. Watanabe, S.J. SmHh W.D. fleadand K.W. Mueller 160
Production ofFlorida Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Flowthrough
Seawater Pools atThree Stocking Densities' W.O. Watanabe,
J.R. Chan S.J. SmHh R.I. Wicklundand B.L. OJla 168
Session II. Nutrition
Use ofTerrestrial Plants in Aquaculture in Malawi· I".J.K. CMkafumbwa 175
Waste Vegetable Leaves as Feeds for Juvenile Oreochromis shkanus
and TiJapia rendalliin Mono- and Polyculture • S.K. CMmatko
and B.A. Costa-Pierce 183
Effects ofVarying Protein-energy Levels on Food Consumption, Growth
and Body Composition of Sarotherodonmelanotheron (RilppeL
1852) •A. Cisse 193
Feeding Cottonseed Cake to Tilapia (Oreochromis niJoticus) in Earthen
Ponds with Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) as Police-Fish'
A.J. Middendorp 198
Measurement of the Apparent Digestibility Coefficients for Oreochromis
niJoticusofAgro-industrial By-products Available in Cote d'lvoire •
y. Moreau 204
Models for Estimating the Food Consumption ofTilapias • M.L. Palomares
and D. Pauly 21 I
Session III. Reproduction and Genetics
Studies on the Effect of Manipulating Napa Size on Broodstock Conditioning
of Oreochromis niJoticusin Fertilized Earthen Ponds' A.J.D. Ambali
and D.C. Little 223
Significant Proportions of Unexpected Males in Progenies from Single Pair
Matings with Sibling Sex Reversed Males of Oreochromis niJoticus •
J.I". Baroiller 229
Comparative Effects of a Natural Androgen. IIj3-Nydroxyandrostenedione,
and a Synthetic Androgen. 17a-Methyltestosterone. on the Sex
Ratios of Oreochromis niJoticus • J.I". BarojJJerand A. Toguyeni 238
Effects ofHigh Rearing Temperatures on the Sex Ratio of Progeny from
Sex Reversed Males of Oreochromis niloticus· J.I". Baroiller,
A. l"ostier, e. Cauty, X. Rognon and B. Jalabert 246
Cold Tolerance in Maternal MouthbroodingTilapias: Heritability Estimates
and Correlated Growth Responses at Suboptimal Temperatures'
L.L. Behrends, J.B. Kingslyand N.J. Bulls 257
Mitochondrial DNA Restriction Endonuclease and Isozyme Analyses ofThree
Strains of Oreochromis niloticus' J.B. CapiJiand D.O.l". Skibinski....... 266
Triploidy Induced by Neat Shock in Oreochromisniloticus • S.L. Chang
and I.C. Liao 273
Effects ofSubstrate and Water Quality on Seasonal Fry Production by
TiJapia rendalliin Tanks' B.A. Costa-Pierce 280
A Practical Quantitative Method to Estimate Relative Reproductive Activity
in Oreochromisniloticus· A.B. Bkpath J.B. Capilj. J.e. Danting,
1'1.5. PaJada-De Vera, 15.15. Dionisio, n.L. Bolivar, R.A. Reyes
and 1'1.1'1. Tayamen 290
iv
Searching for Behavioral Isolating Mechanisms in Tilapias • U. Falter 299
Plasticity in the Parental Cycle of Oreochromis niloticus • J.Y. Oautier,
M.A. Richard-Yris, B. Le Faucheuxand M. l"oraste 308
Sex Reversal ofTilapia Fry by Immersion in Water Containing Estrogens·
c.J. OiJIing, D.O.F. Skibinskiand J.A. Beardmore 314
Effects ofTriploidy on Sexual Maturation and Reproduction in Nile TiIapia,
Oreochromis niloticus L. • 1'1.O. ffussain D.J. Penman and
B.J. 1'1cAndrew 320
Aspects of the Reproductive Strategy of Sarotherodon melanotheron:
Comparison between a Natural Population (Ebrie Lagoon,
Cote d'ivoire) and Different Cultured Populations· M. Legendre
and J.M. Ecoutin 326
Mouthbrooding Efficiency and Spawning Frequency of Sarotherodon
melanotheron (Ruppel. 1852) in Culture Environments (Ebrie
Lagoon, Cote d'ivoire) • M. Legendreand L. Trebaol 339
A Search for Sex-specific DNA Regions in Oreochromis niloticus •
S.K.J. McConnell, D.O.!". Skibinskiand J.A. Beardmore 349
Comparative Growth of Hybrids (F F and F ) of Oreochromis niJoticus (L.)
2 3
and O. macrochir(Blgr.) • J".-c. Micha, R. Cuvelier, Ch. TiJquin
B. Muraille, M. Bourgois and U. Falter 354
Comparison of Growth Performance and Electrophoretic Characteristics
of Three Strains of Oreochromis niloticusPresent in Cote d'lvoire •
P. fI1orissens, X. Rognon and I. Dembele 361
Genetic Differentiation in Several Stocks of Sarotherodon melanotheron
and TiJapia guineensis from Cote d'ivoire, Senegal and Gambia·
L. Pouyaudand J.F. Agnese 368
Growth and Gonadal Development ofTriploid Tilapia (Oreochromis
niJoticus) • B. Puckhaberand O. ffbrstgen-Schwark 377
Implications of Reproductive Behavior of Captive Oreochromis Broodstock
on the Quality ofTheir Fry· If.J. Rana 383
Observations on Intergeneric Hybrids in Tilapias • If.J. Rana, B.J. McAndrew,
O. Wohlfarth and I. Macgowan 391
Study of Genetic Variation in Farmed Populations of Some Species of the
Genus Oreochromis • X. Rognon and R. Ouyomard 398
Basis of the Sexual and Territorial Behavior in Males of Oreochromis
niJoticus and Oreochromis mossambicus· Y. Rouger 407
Truss Morphometric Characterization of Eight Strains of Nile Tilapia
(Oreochromis niJoticus) • R.R. Velasco, M.J.R. Pante, J.M. Macaranas,
C.C. Janagapand A.E. Eknath 415
Estimation of Additive and Nonadditive Genetic Parameters in the Growth
of Fry ofThree Strains of Oreochromis spp.• C.V. Yapi-Onaore 426
Session IV. Biology and Ecology
A New Method for Comparing the Growth Performance of Fishes. Applied to
Wild and Farmed Tilapias • D. Pauly, J. Moreauand r. Oayanilo, Jr. ..... 433
Survival of Tilapiaguineensis under Conditions of Low Dissolved Oxygen
and Low pH • If. Wokoma and I.E. Marioghae 442
Session V. Physiology
The Role of Prolactin in the Adaption ofTilapia to Hypo- and Hyperosmotic
Environments· B. Auperin and P. Prunet 449
v
Physiological Adaptation of Oreochromis niloticusand O.
aureusto Salinity' M. Avellaand T. Doudet 461
Session VI. Economics and Socioeconomics
Economics ofTilapia Aquaculture in Small Waterbodies in Bangladesh'
M. Ahmed, M.P. Bimbaoand M.V. Gupta 471
Regional Trends in Tilapia Production and Prices in the Philippines·
M.A.P. Bimbao and M. Ahmed 476
Tilapia Culture in the Senegal River Basin and the Causes of Its Failure·
P.S. Dioufand J.J. Albaret 488
Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Culture in Small Waterbodies under
Different Feeding and Fertilization Regimes • M.V. Gupta,
Md. Akhteruzzaman A.If.M. Kohinoorand M.S. Shah 500
Rural Development ofTiIapia Culture in Africa: from Myth to Reality·
C. Koffi M. Oswaldand J. Lazard 505
Which Research for Which Development ofTilapia Aquaculture in
SubSaharan Africa? • J. Lazard 515
Peri-urban Aquaculture in Midwestern Cote d'lvoire • M. Oswald,
Y. Copin and D. Montferrer 525
C.POSTEKS
Growth and Food Conversion ofFive Strains ofNileTilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Fry' B.o. Acosta, E.£. Dionisioand A.E. Eknath 537
Historical and Technieal Aspects ofthe Introduction ofTilapia Culture in Colombia·
L.F. Castillo Campo 538
Studies on the Growth Performanceand Gonadal Development ofTriploid Tilapia
Oreochromis aureus• S.L. Chang, e.F. Changand I.e. Liao 539
The Malawi Central and Northern Regions Fish Farming Project: Research, Progress
and Prospects •M. Dickson 540
Interactions Between NileTilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the Pond Community
atVarious Fish Densities' F.A.R. Elhigziand P. Larrson 541
Studies on the Control ofTilapia Recruitment UsingTilapia-Predator Polyculture
System in SouthwestNigeria· o.A. Fagbenroand A.A. Salami 542
Observations on the Possible Effects ofSalinity, Pond Regime Practicesand Behavior
on the Culture of Tilapiaguineensisand Sarotherodonmelanotheron •
G.D. Igonifagha. S.N. Deekaeand I.E. Marioghae 543
Periphyton Composition and Physieochemistry in an Artificial Habitat(Acadja-encIos)
for Sarotherodon melanothero~AdiapoteArea, Ebrie Lagoon. Cote d'lvoire •
A.A. Kanan 544
Production ofPseudo-females of Oreachramis aureusUsing Ethynyloestradiol •
CH. Melard 545
Consumption ofPhytoplankton by Oreochromisnilaficusin Lake Muhazi (Rwanda) •
j.C. Micha, j.P. Descyand F. Laviolette 546
Documentation and Evaluation of OreachramisnilaticusPopulations in Ghana for
Aquaculture· j.K. OFariand j.N. Padi 547
Induced Spawning in OreochromisniloticusL. • E.E. Roderick, L.P. Santiago, M.-A.
Garciaand G.e. Mair 548
Acute Toxicity ofPotassium Permanganate. Petroleum Product and Textile Effluent
to Oreochromis niloticus' A.A. Salamiand 0.0. Oguyemi 549
Analysis ofthe Morphometries ofThreeTilapias (Tilapia zillii, Sarotherodongalilaeus
and Oreochromis niloticus) andTheir Intergeneric Hybrids' E. Schwanckand
K. Rana 550
vi
Developmentofan Autonomous PilotSystem in Recycled Water forthe Integrated
Production ofTilapiaand Garden Crops Behavingas EnvironmentPurifier'
K. Souleymane. M. Didierand I. Qull/eret 551
The DevelopmentofaTilapiaStrain Registry as Part ofFishBase • W. Villwock,
U. Sienknecht, R. Froeseand L. Agustin 553
Effects ofDietary Levels ofCarbohydrate, Lipid, Phosphorusand Zinc on the Growth
and Feed Conversion ofNileTilapia (OreochromlsniJoticus) •L. Zhongzie,
L. Wuand Y. Yunxia 554
D. SPONSORS AND COLLABORATORS
Agence de cooperation culturelIe et technique (ACCT) 555
Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour Ie
developpement (CIRAD) 556
Centre de recherches ocenologiques (CRO) 557
Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) 558
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) 558
Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) 559
The French Ministry ofCooperation 560
L'Institut fram;ais de Recherche Scientifique pour Ie Developpement en
Cooperation (ORSTOM) 561
Author Index 56.3
List ofParticipants 565
vii
foreword
Interestinthecultureoftilapiaunitesfarmersand researchersonnearlyall continents
inawaymorereminiscentofamajoragricultural commoditythanafish. Despitehaving
been cultured for over 2,000years, the majority ofresearch on tilapias has been in the
field of ichthyology of natural populations with some emphasis on raising tilapia in
aquaria. Since the 1980s, however, the world has seen a major upswing in the culture
oftilapia, chiefly Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and in related research, especially
on tilapia biology, includinggenetics.
Thisvolumeofsymposium proceedingsshowsastronginterestinproduction systems
researchandadawninginterestinsocioeconomicresearch. Bothofthesefieldsofresearch
areexpectedtoreceivemuchgreaterattention inthe futureastheeconomicandmarket
importance oftilapia increases and as we seek to understand better the distribution of
benefits ofthe different production technologies.
Tilapias, because ofthe lowcostand relative easeoftheirproduction, are a potential
food fish stapleformanypeople in tropical countriesand agloballytraded commodity.
Tilapias are used as live feed in the culture ofsome high-value predatory fish and are
alsomarketedasvalue-addedproducts(fillets,sashimi) ininternationaltrade.Thisdiversity
in potential end uses meansthat future research will have to address a wider spectrum
ofchallenges.
Withexistingachievementsandfuturechallengesintilapiaresearch inmind, ICLARM
is pleased to join with the Centre de recherches oceanologiques (CRO), Abidjan, Cote
d'ivoire,theInstitutfran~isderecherchescientifiquepourIedeveloppementencooperation
(ORSTOM) and the Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique
pourIedeveloppement(CIRAD) inpublishingtheseproceedingsof The ThirdInternational
Symposium on TilapiainAquaculture.Thankstothemanyindividualsand organizations
whosecontributionsandsupportenabledtheholdingofthesymposiumandtheproduction
of these proceedings; especially, the Ministere fran~aisde la Cooperation, ORSTOM,
ClRAD, the Centre technique de cooperation agricole et rurale (CTA), the Agence de
cooperationculturelleettechnique(ACCT), theInstitutnationalderechercheagronomique
(INRA) and the Institut des Savannes ODESSA).
Dr. Meryl J. Williams
Director General
ICLARM
viii
Preface
TheThird International Symposium onTilapia in Aquaculture (lSTA III) was one ofthe
largest aquaculture conferences ever held in Africa. Building upon the work presented
at ISTA I (Nazareth, 1983) and ISTA II (Bangkok, 1987) and upon the ever-increasing
research efforts in support oftilapia farming, the proceedings ofISTA III will, we trust,
be seen as another milestone in the development oftilapia as a globally accepted fish
commodity and a contribution to the development oftilapia farming.
Africa, the "homeoftilapias," hasyet to benefitas much from tilapia farming as have
other regions. However, African aquaculture research and development are producing
promisingresults,despitetheeconomicdifficultiesunderwhichmuchoftheseareundertaken.
Amongthe64papersand t7abstractsofposterpaperspublishedhere, 20werecontributed
by African participants. We hope that support for the development of aquaculture in
Africa-particularly using species like the tilapias-fish that feed low in the food chain
and that can be farmed efficiently and without undue environmental impacts-will be
increased and that Africa will become a more significant producer of farmed tilapias
both for its own people and for export to the rest ofthe world.
ISTAIIIwasgenerouslysupported bythe Agencedecooperationculturelleettechnique
(ACCT), the Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour Ie
developpement-Departementd'elevage etdemedecineveterinaire (CIRAD-EMVT), the
Technical Center of Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), the French Ministry of
Cooperation, the Institut national de la recherche agronomique (lNRA) and the Institut
franc;:ais de recherche scientifique pour Ie developpement en cooperation (ORSTOM).
Information concerningtheseand otherswho assisted 1STA III is given atthe end ofthis
volume.
The longperiod that ithastaken to publish these proceedings since ISTA III was held
is regretted. Those concerned underestimated the difficulty of the task of compiling
thoroughly edited, bilingual proceedings. This entailed very lengthy correspondence
with some authors and among the editors, who wished to maintain high standards of
scientificpublishingand to include, asfaras possible, all information presented. Despite
the long hiatus, we hope that the value ofthese proceedings has not been diminished.
We applaud and thankall those who contributed to the success ofISTA III especially
theorganizingcommittee: Jean-Franc;:oisBaroiller, Adou Cisse, Jean-Rene Durand, Saurin
Hem, Catherine Lhomme-Binudin, Pierre Luquet, Kassoum Traore and Michael Vakily.
We also thankJean BaptisteAvit, Adou Cisse, ZirigaJosue Oteme, Sylvain Gilles, Remy
Dugue,Jesus Nunez-RodriguezandJean-Franc;:oisAgnese fortheirhelpwith the blueprint.
As we go to press, ISTA IV has been announced. It will be held in Orlando, Florida, on
9-t2 November 1997. ISTA IVwill doubtless be an opportunity for the world to see the
giant steps that tilapia farming has taken since ISTA III and we wish its organizers and
participantseverysuccessastheycontribute furtherto oneofthe fastestgrowingsectors
ofworld food production.
The Editors
ix