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THE THERMOECONOMICS OF ENERGY CONVERSIONS Elsevier Internet Homepage- http://www.elsevier.com Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest ARENTSEN & KUNNEKE National Reforms in European Gas ISBN: 0-08-043687-0 MIDTTUN European Electricity Systems in Transition ISBN: 0-08-042994-7 MIDTTUN European Energy Industry Business Strategies ISBN: 0-08-043631-5 WANG China's Oil Industry and Market ISBN: 0-08-043005-8 Related Journals: A sample journal issue is available online by visiting the homepage of the journal (homepage details at the top of this page). Free specimen copy gladly sent on request. 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Contents Preface Introduction 1 1.1 The Emerging Concerns 1 1.2 The Complexity of the Design Space 2 1.3 The Level of Details of a System Description 3 1.4 The Interaction of Energy and Materials Requirements 3 1.5 The History of Thermoeconomics Development 4 1.6 The Question Posed for Thermoeconomic Analysis 5 1.7 The Importance of an Integrated Database 5 1.8 The Main Pillars of Thermoeconomic Analysis 6 1.9 General References 6 Improved Thermodynamic Analysis 11 2.1 The Exergy Function 12 2.2 The Thermodynamic Analysis of a System in the Steady State 17 2.3 Tutorial 20 2.4 References 29 Improved Costing Analysis 31 3.1 The Objective Function as a Cost Function 31 3.2 Making and Operating Resources of an Energy-Conversion Device 31 3.3 The Quantification of the Making and Operating Resources for a Device 32 3.4 Making and Operating Resources of a System of Devices 34 3.5 The Cost Indices CF, {cZi}a, nd {cai} 35 3.6 Combining Second-Law and Costing Analyses (Thermoeconomic Analysis) 35 3.7 Tutorial 37 3.8 Selected References 48 Enhanced System Optimization 49 4.1 A Two-Level Decomposition Strategy 49 4.2 Decomposition at the Discipline Level 49 4.3 Decomposition at the Device Level 52 4.4 More on the Objective Function and on Decomposition 58 4.5 Programming Thermoeconomic Analysis 63 4.6 Tutorial 67 4.7 Selected References 80 vi The Thermoeconomics of Energy Conversions The Manipulation of the Design Models of Devices 83 5.1 Multidisciplinary Problems in General 83 5.2 The Communication Between the Disciplines of Thermodynamics and Design 83 5.3 A Heat Exchange Device 84 5.4 Tutorial 91 5.5 Selected References 94 Off-Design Performance Due to Load Variation 97 6.1 Managing the Inefficiency of Variable-Load Operation 97 6.2 Predicting the Part-Load Performance of a System of Devices 99 6.3 Handling the System-Design of Variable-Load Problems 99 6.4 Optimal Operation of a Facility of Systems of Same Product 105 6.5 Tutorial 107 6.6 Selected References 109 Application Examples 111 7.1 Time-Independent Production 111 7.2 Time-Dependent Production 123 7.3 Closing Remarks 136 7.4 Selected References 137 Software, Analyzed Systems and their Flow Diagrams: 139 8.1 Contents of the Compact Disc 139 8.2 Brief Description of the Six Executable Tools 140 8.3 The Analyzed Systems and Their Flow Diagrams 151 9 Appendices 199 Appendix 9.1 Some Useful Forms of the Flow Exergy 199 Appendix 9.2 Thermodynamic and Design Models 205 Appendix 9.3 Capital and Performance Equations 211 Appendix 9.4 Refreshing Basic Engineering Material 217 Appendix 9.5 Selected General Properties 231 Appendix 9.6 A Selected Compilation of Heat Transfer Film Coefficients and Friction Factors 235 Appendix 9.7 Glossary 249 Contents vii Appendix 9.8 Nomenclature 253 Appendix 9.9 Constants and Conversion Factors 257 Subject Index 261 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface Dedicated to future generations of scientists and engineers willing to develop efficient energy conversion systems for the benefit of human civilization and the environment The increasing demand for power and material products by current energy conversion technologies using fossil and nuclear fuels on one hand and the adverse impact on the environment on the other hand, did create an energy conversion crisis that is going to stay for decades to come. The increasing demand is driven by the increase of world population and a rising standard of living. The adverse impact is emissions, waste disposal, and the signs of global warming. The long-lasting energy conversion crisis is due to the absence of alternative energy resources and conversion technologies that are both friendly to the environment and economically competitive to the present ones. Until emerging or new competitive technologies become available, the cost-effective increase of the conversion efficiencies of current technologies is the only option to reduce the impact of the crisis. Directions of raising system efficiency are well established thermodynamically but not the directions of their cost effectiveness. The book surveys briefly the recently developed methodologies that reveal the cost effectiveness of sought energy-resource-saving ideas by design. The book then focuses on one methodology that became known as thermoeconomics. The theory is presented. Tutorial and application examples are given. The examples deal with both system- design analysis and the design analysis of energy conversion devices. A number of executable programs set the stage for the analyses and provide the results. The programs are described and samples of the source code in "BASIC" are included. All programs are available on one compact disc. The goal of the book is a set of energy analysis tools that is useful, concise and easy to understand and apply. The book is an outcome of more than a 20-year development of thermoeconomics. The book will be useful to both a system-designer and a device-designer. It will be particularly useful to students. They will be prepared to reshape the traditional energy system design during their active career into a more powerful optimal-design methodology. Thermoeconomics launches an intensive analysis dose on the design concepts of energy conversion systems for the purpose of revealing opportunities of fuel and cost savings. The description of system configurations is modular, process-oriented, and is easy to expand or modify. The approach to the solution of the modeling equations of a configuration is numerical. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the building blocks of the design analysis of systems that use or produce useful forms of energy and the methodologies of handling them. The chapter ends with a representative sample of current methodologies of optimal system design and selected references as a guide to further study. For seeking transparency for higher system efficiency, the thermodynamic analysis is extended to include the second law of thermodynamics quantitatively. The extension