The Theory of Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Parts I and II

1201 Pages·69.65 MB·english

by  Christian J.W.

THE THEORY OF TRANSFORMATIONS
IN METALS AND ALLOYS
PART I
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
THE THEORY OF TRANSFORMATIONS
IN METALS AND ALLOYS
PART I
J.W. Christian~
Professor of Physical Metallurgy,
University of Oxford, UK
2002
PERGAMON
An Imprint of Elsevier Science
Amsterdam- Boston- London- New York- Oxford- Paris
San Diego - San Francisco- Singapore- Sydney- Tokyo
ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd
The Boulevard, Langford Lane
Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK
© 2002 Estate of J.W. Christian
This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use:
Photocopying
Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of
the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying,
copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available
for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use.
Permissions nlay be sought directly from Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX,
UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: [phone], e-mail: permissions(a~elsevier.com. You may also contact
Global Rights directly through Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Obtaining Permissions'.
In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: (+1) (978) 7504744, and in the UK
through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W IP
0LP, UK; phone: [phone]; fax: [phone]. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights
agency for payments.
l)crivative Works
Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external
resale or distribution of such material.
l'crmission of the Publisher is required for all other deriwltive works, including compilations and translations.
t';lcctronic Storage or Usagc
l'crmission of the Publisher is requircd to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any
chapter or part of a chapter.
Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transnlitted in any form
or by any means, clectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the
Publisher.
Address permissions rcquests to: Elscvier Science Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted
above.
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher tk~r any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas
contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent
vcrilication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
First edition 1965
Second edition 1975 (Part 1)
Sccond edition, reprinted with corrections 1981 (Part 1)
Third cdition 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for.
ISBN: 0-08-044019-3
Tile paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
While every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge copyright, in some cases copyright proved untraceable.
Should any infringement have occured, the publishers tender their apologies and invite copyright owners to contact
them.
Foreword
Jack was so quick to give credit to others for their work that he would not have wanted
this edition of his book to be printed without thanks to his colleagues. Since he died while
the book was in the final stages of production, we are unable to pass on his gratitude to the
many people whom he would have wished to acknowledge.
On his behalf, I should particularly like to thank Professor Brian Cantor and Professor
Adrian Sutton for taking on the considerable task of expediting the publication of this
updated edition of Jack's lifetime's work. I should also like to thank everyone else who
helped - having grown up with Jack's handwriting from the first letter he wrote to me
while I was still at school, I appreciate their efforts.
Jack died unexpectedly in the Department he helped to create doing the work he loved.
He only left two instructions, given as asides on different occasions. He wanted no
Memorial Service and he wanted the last two stanzas from the Swinburne poem that he
quoted in his first preface to be read at his funeral.
In the first edition he quoted the lines: "even the weariest river winds somewhere safe to
sea" while complimenting his mentor. Professor Hume-Rothery on his expertise at writing
books. In this one, let these lines stand as a tribute to Jack's dedication to this work
throughout the course of his long and distinguished career.
Maureen Christian
Autumn 2002
Professor John Wyrill Mack' C'hrislian
1926 2001
Technical Notes
Professor Christian's classic textbook The Theory of Transformations in Metals and
Alloys' was first published in 1965. The first part of the book was revised and re-published
in 1975 and again in 1981. The present two-part set represents the long-awaited full
revision of Parts I and II.
Professor Christian died on 27 February 2001 before finalising the proofreading, which
included a number of technical matters such as updating the references to figures and
tables, the cross references between Parts I and II, and the subject, author and symbol
indexes.
Pippa Gordon helped Professor Christian with the preparation of the manuscript.
John Ball, Harry Bhadeshia, Brian Cantor, Alfred Cerezo, John Hunt, John Martin and
Adrian Sutton helped to complete the proof reading.
Lorna Canderton, Henri van Dorssen, Caroline Kraaijveld, Julia Wallace and Vicki
Wetherell helped to complete the publishing process.
Gratitude is expressed to the freelancers involved in this project.
Separate subject indexes appear in both Parts I and II. The author index and index of
symbols from the 1981 edition appear in Part II only. Prefaces to earlier editions have been
included for completeness. The problem set mentioned in the 1975 Preface to the Second
Edition has not been included.
Autumn 2002
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Preface to the Second Edition (of Part I)
The arrangement of chapters and sections is unchanged but the book is now divided
into two parts, the first of which covers the general theory whilst the second is concerned
with descriptions of specific types of transformation. My original intention was to make
only limited revisions and additions but I eventually decided that very extensive rewriting
was required in view of the large number of papers published in the last ten years. Part I of
the new edition is consequently about 50% longer than the corresponding chapters of the
first edition, and is appearing after a lengthy delay, for which I apologize. However, I hope
that all the major developments of the interim period have been incorporated, so that the
edition may perhaps serve both as a text book and as a reference source up to the level of
active research.
An increased symbol list has necessitated some minor changes of notation (especially Q
instead of Z for partition functions) and numerical quantities are now given in SI units. In
response to several requests, I have included a few selected problems at the end of Part I;
these are of a very variable standard, but I hope that teachers and students may find some
of them useful*.
I should like to thank many friends and colleagues for their kind comments and for
notes of mistakes or misprints in the first edition. New errors will inevitably have appeared
in this volume, and I shall be very grateful if they are also brought to my attention.
Oxford
December 1974 J.W. CHRISTIAN
*Please see Technical Notes on page vii.