The Theory of Chess Problems by Pospisil 1887

22 Pages·1999·1.869 MB·English

by  Beasley John

Typesaentd p ublisbhyeJ do hnB easley,
7 StJ ameRso adH,a rpendHeenr,t AsL 54 NX,E ngland
PrintbeydF astprainndDt e sign,
9L ondoRno adS,t L eonarodnsS eaE,a sStu ssTeNx3 76 AE,E ngland
Novembe1r9 99
Publishneort'iscI eh .a vneo a uthorittowy a ivteh er ighotfos t herbsu,ta sf aars I a mc oncerned
anythiinntg h idso cumemnaty b er eproduwcietdh opuaty menotrf ormaliIat syko; n ltyh atth erbee
duea cknowledgemeI1t.
An outlionfe
THE THEORY.oF CHESSP ROBLEMS
by
JosPeofsl psil
(frCoems ukleo fhayc ho1v88e7,)
tarnlsataended d tiebdyJ ohBne aswliehty s,ae clteioofpn or blse m
Tranlsart'oisn trondu.Ac ltotiuhogthh eex opstiioonfB ohmeiacnh sesp orbletmh eyoi rnJ osPeofsf ps'ibslo ok
Cesukleo shaych ohvea lso nbge ernce oginzdea so noef t hmeo sitm prtoantte xitncs he spsr omb hliesttohryee, r
appseu antrinlo wt oh avbee ennor eialdayav ilavbreslieoo nfi ti nE ngliTshhih.sa bse eans eirougsa p thine
porblelmi tteueror afo ulra nggeua,an Idh opteh mea kgio nft htirsa nslatii.ot nh Iaw vaiecl mclpo afinliilbet yd
as elecotfpi orobnl efmorsmt hbeo okkni,d lcyh osfeormn e b yV ldaiimrKo s,an bdy a b rieesfso afmy y o wn
whilcoho bkasca kftr et hpea ssoafagh eu neddyr ears.
Ia mg rautlte otf hleir baroyf tBhiret iCshhes Ps robSloeicme ftorya ccteosa sc opoyfC esuklio hsya chove,
antdo Jf iJfe lifnorhe gikhl gihttihndgeffi eenrcebse tewetnh Ceze cohf1 887a ntdah to ft hpeer snetd ayJ.fi ih as
gonseof rai nh issu ppaostrt os enmdea t rantsicnoo rfit pheen tet ierxittno m odneC rzecwhh,i hcahps or ved
invaliunea lbiuldcteai nsgo moeb secp usarsagLeisrt.ae rfsayh ihoancs ah ngbeodt ihnB ohmeiaa nid nE nagnld
andIh avsei mlpifioered il mitneasdo me pawshsiascgehee sum nd ullbyaou erdo rr peetittoai m voed erraend er,
buItb eelviteh aetvy ehtrinwgh ihmc attresh abse efnul layn fdia htuflrlpeyor duced.
Contents
ForewobryAd ntnoiKnv icala 4
Introduction 5
1. Thep roblaesma chescsr eation 6
Contte n 6
Mainypa lnavda rtiisao n 6
Origliintay 6
Correctness 7
2. Thep roblaesma w orko fa rt 8
Puroiftm ya te 8
Compariialtboyfa imasn mde ans 8
Thie ntiipaolts iion 9
Arstticiocn sriadteiaoffnesc tcionngs tuction 10
3. Thep roblaesma p uzez l 12
Difficluty I2
Conclusions 13
TheBo hemipoarbnl secmh ool 13
A selectoifio lnl ustrpartobilveem s 14
Somec ommentfrso ma hundryeeda rosn 20
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ForewobrydA ntnoiKnv icala
Transtloarn'os.tT ehsif orewowrads ewnrbi yKt vitcahliam,sb eoltafph l yaearn adp romb cloempoosneb re,h alf
oft hBeo heiamCnhe sAss scoianti inPo arh(aP argu)oe fw hihcehw acsh amianr.
'
Chespsor blser mpeersetnhtpe i nlnoeaf cc hesasr Atn.de vetnh gohut hpeor bliesm btrhaeno cfch h etshtsha as
delvoeptehdme o srtce entilhtya fl,so wreeidna r letavileys htot rimiena w awyh ifcehww o uhladv seu speedc.t
Boheamnci omopsseh ravneo bte ebnak cwaridnt hsdi elvoepmeOnntt .hc eo natyrr,a sh abse esnh owbny
thdee velnotposmf te hlea 2s5ta ndm oerp artuialcrloyft hlea s1t0y esa,tr heayer u nvireslalryce oginzeas d
desegrv ian larogfet hceper adirtt .T heB oheimasnc howohols,pe i rnclieflpso wf ormt heet erannadl
inxehaiubssltoecu erosfb aeutayn hda rnmyoi,s nkonwo wtnhw eo rolvdre ;a nndo otn ltyos pecsit,bas ulatil so
tot hgee naeler tnhsuiatsowt h omt hseo lutoris otnu odfyc hespsu zzilspe rso vnigad piatsimeev emroe r
ejnoylaeabn fdul filgl.Ai nndt hsfi maei cso nutoiunsilneyca rsidnugte,o t hneu mreoucshe spsub ilcatwihoincsh
evyewrheepr agyar cioaunusdn atTehcomtaegdte o" hteB ohmeiapnor blesmc ohol".
Howeveerv,et nh ceo mopsitoiflo anissnt vga lwuhei tchhss i chohoaplsr doucseoda bundanthlayvb een e
scattuenrtneiodlw nienw sppesara nidn f oreipgunib clat,i oawnnesdh avleak ceadc ollecwtoerdik nw hiacth
lesata r peersentsaatmipvolefie tf sri utcso ubledd s ipleadyA.c corditnhgBelo yhm,ei aCnhe sAsss ociaitni on
Prahwah,ii csohu crh ineaft iropenerasle ntbaotdfiyorvc ehe shsa,ts a kuepnno i tlstfeh deu toyfp ersnetgit nhe
resuolftt hse 2s5ye e sao rfs ucscsefduellv oepmtie nnt hfeor mo fa c ollectoifwo onr ekas cohfw hiicshb o th
oirgniaaln mde rirtioo.u s
Thsip orejc,ot rgiinyat lalkuepwn ithav ienyrn arrocwic rlhea,cs o mteof u riitoinnt hfeca eo fm oert haonn e
obslteaa,cn wde b elieivfteul lsya titshfireee sst oilpouans sbeytd hg ee naelmr eetoifon ugar s csiotaiionnJ anyu ar
oft hyies.a r
Thsic oelcltihoabnse etnh ree psonistliyiob fo ulre iandcgo mposs,e rDJoabnur sklya,nK octr,a nldo sef
PosspiiTlh.e y rhceaievveee dn tshaiustsipucprt of ormF rainstMeoku ac,wk how itlhaK na rlhe ausn rttaektehn e
tehcniacnaadldm iinsrtatbiuvdreen .A ni ntrodoufpc ertminaoennv ta l,lu aeydionwgtn h sep ecpiiracnlil peosf
thBeo ehmiasnc hloh,oa bse ecnon rtiubtebdyl oesfP ospsiilA.nd f ort hfeca tt hatth icsol lectwioornt hily
rpeersnetosu bre scthe sesn edavso,uw rhichhi tthohe arev beefnra b ettekrn owanbr oatdh aanth omet,h e
princceirdpiiadstlu teot hceo mposws heornsaem easp peaabrot vheie n idviddauigraal ms.
Wea dtdah tm osotft hpeor blemhsee rc ollecatpepdee dad ruirntgh peei ro1d68 81-887i no ulrti reajroyu rnals
whcihc ontcahisenc s omlnusi,np articSuvleatroH zuomro,r ilsitsiPtcaykl,ie ZclekaP,tr da haan,Sd v andduudvd, k
and thisena dslohyrt- lisvpeedcs itmaa lgiianzSea ch-mat.
Andm ayt hicso -oapteiwrvoer skev ret oh onoaunrde nrciht hnea moef B ohemiiant ihsi nrtneoatnial
tonuarmteg nronudo fi nltcleteueandlev aou!r
Pra(hPaar gueD)e,c em1b88e7r.
-4-
An outlionfe
THE THEORY OF CHESS PROBLEMS
Jntroduction
Chespsor vdieasn a lmsoti nexhauflsotwoi fmb alrvee ulslc oombtiinoanTsh.e sceo mnbaitihovaneas m agical
impacotnp alyeernsc notuertihngega mfeor t hfiesr tt imaen,td h aitst iroaicnnt ecarsaests h ekinroe wdlgoeft eh
gamien ecaers.s
Evegrya moefc heissms a duep f rosmu ccho mbinastoiemotnisms,ei sme p laonbdov ui,ss moeitmesd eelpy
porofun.dC omnbaitnisao lfsorom t hbea sicseh sopsfor bleCmesr.t paoisni tfiroogmna sm ,ew shosreels uotion
requpirtariecd ulaatrtlryap caltywi,ev nert uo ntdh weo ralndbd e catmhece om monp ropoertfay lc lh epsalsy ers;
and btehiubnosrga dacs,tt ehya wkoet hneat uarld seeit roc onstrfuurhctetpr o tsiio,nn ostth tiism dee penodne nt
the accoifad tceuncatomlsb a,wt hosree lsuotriqeouiner ds urriipgsnm aoneuvwrheiswc ehr lee fftor t hselo vteor
dicsoveTrh.iw sem eetth oer iogfit nhc eeh spsor blem.
Ofc ourtsheoe,b e jctoifvp aerc itcpallai yst ow itnh gea meC.o mnbaitimoanyfs or mt hbea soifps l ,ab yut
tehya rneo atn e nd teihmns ee.slP vrolbem,hs avgio nirgniatferdo pmly a,a tfi rsptr esewnitnegndm i annoeeusv r
sucahso ccuirng am,ea snd tihnri ess pteehcyhta da c ertadiiandci tcv aluBeu.ft or m ancyen tuesrp iorblems
weroenl yt hCein deelrolfta h gea maen,td h vea msatj roiotfey n tshaiusctonsc ernattoentd h pear ctigcaam.le
Howevetrh,e itdahetta hspea r ctigcaamcleo uplordv ifdoree mbiodmenitnp orblewmesre ev eanltfluouynd
to tboemo o notnoou,s tloiiomt eadn,di tb ecarmeec nozigetdh ta tsheee koiunotgf i netsetrcionmgb tiinoans
formt hien eaxuhstwieblollfce eh swsa asn a tcivniowt hyi lte esnsj olyeta hbapnal yiannga ctguamael. S ot he
probelnetme arn eedwa nqdu itdeie ffreenptoh c,o nteh haat s tlore adpd ieedv lmoepnatn edx pianosnN.o wt he
aiomf ap orblweman so ttos hwo smoethgil nielktyob eu sefiunpl r taiccpallab yu,st i mpalnsydo lteodl iys play
ani nterceosmtbiinniga natb ieoanu ftoifruml.
Ino ldpeorrb letmhse, goeftr hmie d ewaa bs uireidn a m asso fc ommolnapcaeni dr relnetmv oave,so ften
difisgruebdy c ondiiotnforse itgotn r ucehe s;st hied ewaao sff eriensdt e tgiswn hiwcehr pee danltlgiyac m-aleike;
all dtsihtersaeac tettnetdnif orotmh mea neouvwrhei wcahts h ter upeup rosoeft hpeor blemI.np lcaeo ft hitesh ,
newe podcehm anodnleytd hmeo stb eaiuuftlm atisnegq ueinnfco remst wtoo fi ve moavn,ed ss,ih nrpa cornatst
toa n ormgaalm e,a cncoo wuanstt a koefnt hien ietquiiarllii ubomft hfeor cesI.nt hifrosm ,t hmeo edrn
porbleshmo uwssa ltleh m ossto pihsattiemcda nuoveroefcs he s.s Heret,h ceo mnbaitioofpn arsci tcpalla ayr e
iedailzetdeh,yb ecmoen ootn ylt he obfats hpieors b lbeumit ts so alei; mt heefroiritens a tutrotay ral n pdr esent
thecml eanfsreodm i rarlell aenvddasi nttui rgnib flnueen,sci naw odrt op ersetnhte rme finietndop erfefcortm .
Workwsh icrheat itnh epiarrtc icaailmw sh,ci hd emonastcetom rbitniasoo nfp arctiicnatlew rietshtro eugtat rod
renfiemeonftf ro ma,r neo wd sitgiunhiesdf rotmur ep orble,am nstd hyeb elonwgh oltloty h teh oeyr oft he
practgiacmael.
Althotuhgpehor blehmat sh sub ecodmvieoc refdr otmh per taiccgaalm ei,trme aionfsc orusaet rucehe ss
creatHiowoenev.r b,yi tisd eatliiooznfca omnbaiitonisbt,e cmoe,st ol oookni yte atn otwhae,yr w ao rokfa n.
Thec onceopftb e auotcycs ui rna laltr iswtoircbk e,i atp aignt, ipeniac oef m usiocra, l itecroamrpyo sition;
eacohft hefiseel idsgs o verbnyce edrti ana ehsettilca wwsh,ci hh avgeard uaelvloyl dvuerdi mnagn yye aorfs
pracatniedcx ep eriSeoin itcws ei .tt hhp eor bl.e meAsx pehrtvasep enreattmeoder d eelpyit not hsee croeftt hse
gamcee,rt iana ehsettrilucep se cluitaocr h esse mheagrve,eda ntdeh sseh otwh deie rtcioinnw hitchhae r sttiic
refinemoefcn otm btiinoasnhso uplordc e.eB dyt hmiesa ntsh,feor mo fp roblheagmsars du alalcyeh vieawd hloly
unexpeclteevodefp l e ertcfioennt,tl igiu nst ou se ptrhoetu edr pmr obalretm.
Buth erlee t usc olmepiaasvroewn isto ht haerrft or msf,orw em utsn otf orgettht at he suobfaj c ehcets s
prolbemi sm erealg ya mei;th anso t rue bnaatsuiers,a niddn o enso gti ev anyd iercbte netfiomt a niknd.
Howeveorn,la yne xpecrtaj nu dwghete hetrht eti l"eat r"ij su setd,ia finidno ucra stehj idusg iets h ceh ewsosr ,l d
whichha asrl eafidrym alccye tpeidt .
Andw em usnto ftor gteth aptor bal heams yet saindIoeitt.as h p eurzz liet;ss o tliuoisnso mtehgii nntiially
unnkonw,t hatths elo vhearts o fi ndT.h ec omnbaitiionan p sor bleaemrc oncelaedt;h seo lrveearl tihseeisr
vadliiotnyy lw hehneh ahsmi sefdl siocvertehde m.
Sow es eteah tap orblehmat she rea specact hse:cs rse atawi oornok,fa na,n adp uzzlOeu.re x posiotfii tosn
theowrityla lka ec cooufan lttl he rec haacrteristics.
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1.T hep roblaesma chescsr eation
A.C ontent
[hceon teonftac s h sespo rbleamr ietc so mnbtaiiso;bn utth neu bmeorfp osscihebslcseo mibnatiissoo ln asr ge,
mdt hiefror msso dv iertshetta, o d escribiella f wte whoermid qssu iitmep soisbTlheet. h eomfeap orblreems ts
iOmiemtsei na s insgulrpeir simnogv, es omeetsii nma b euatuilmf atseo,m etiinm eisatn nre eisntlgie on fp lay
;pannsiveneagrlm ovebsu,mt o sotft einna h armonbiloeungsod fii nnvdiidmuoavlae nsfi dn arslelu t.
Buitf ac omlpetaen dc omephrnesiavneya sliisso uotf t hqeu teisowne,c aant l aeshtgi hglhitth meo st
;ommofnundameelnetmafelorn mtw sh ipcorhb lceomm nbatiioanrcseon streudc.t
Ones imep elelmenitst hdee coyoifan mga na wafyor ma c rucsiqaula rSeu.ca h m anh aasn i mptoarnt
jeefsnivrloee i ni tosirg ianlp osiiotnan,od n yla fteirth as maowvaecyda tnh seo luptoricoeend .Th issi mple
motiiesfn cnotuerveedrf yrqe unetlayn,pd al yasm oero rl eismsp toarnpta rti nt hmea joroifpt oyrb lemTsh.e
conrsveme otailfos coc suw,rh eer maa ni lsu rteoadc rucsiqaula re.
Antohecro mmomno tiitsfh fer eeoifans gq uasrote h aatn oetrmh an ocacnc uiptAy.g ianw,ea lshaov teh e
consveme arnoeeu,tv hrbel ocokfais nqgu airnoed r etrod eniytt o s omoeht emra nT.h iisps artilcaurcloym mon
int hcer eiaootnfa m atipnogts iion.
Yeatn otshiemrpm loet iivlsei cnlee artahnrecme eo,v oaflam anf roaml isnoet htaa nhoetmra nc atnr avel
alointgH. e era gianwe a lfisnotd h ceon vermsoet, ti hflei mitoaftt hfiieeo londfa ctoifaom na .nA ndt hteh eomfe
ap orblecma n saulibsssiotn d emotnarstitnhgpe a rticpttioawreo rsfa s inpgileeoc rte h hea rmonaicotuoisfo notw ro
morpei ecoeftsne, c ulminianst aicnrgifi Tchese.sc ae'n b seo metimmeeerlsyt hmee antsot hree aliozfaa t ion
themseo,m etainme ensid nt hemlsvees.
Thseea rteh meo sitm portamnetn tesl wefhriopcmorh bl etmh emaerbseu iBlutt .ta h emreal ryce onsstiisna
sinsgulcmeh a nuove.rU esualilctyo n stisis na nh armounswi hoocloetn rsucftoremvd a rieoluesnmt etsh,me o st
outasntdgio nfw hifcorhm t hpeor blemr'esa sfrooe nx istence.
B. Mainpalnadvy a riations
Thei deoafa p orbleismr e iazlebdya s eroifie nsvd iidmuoavleb syt haet tacakinnddg ee fndgis nideBsyl .og n­
estlaibshed c,ot nhavete tkinantgcsi ioidnasel wadyeosnt ebdyW hi.t e
Thep rnicipiadlew ah itchhae u htowri shteoss h oiwnh ipsor blecmom esi tnoe ixtsenocnleya ftecre rtain
movoefst hdeee fnde.rT hifsor mtsh e miomspttoa rpnatort f t hpeor blemc'otsne ,ni ttmsa inpBluaBtyal. c akl so
haasth idsi spaog sratelreao rs mallesre lecotfi oomnto hveeres ah,co fw hiaclhas lol oWwhsi ttoea cihevhei s
aiwmi thtihsneit putlepdae irodT.hu sw eh vaev ariawthiiocnsho, i rcgnaianta eta npyo iinntt h pel ya.T his
enhamnecneotfp orblceomn tbeytn htue s oefv artiiaoinvsse y ri mptoarnt.
Wheret hper imaatryt roanoc fta ip orblelmi iensa particvualrtaiirao wne,c ant alakb otuhtpe r incipal
variaotfapi oorbnl emB.u otft eanp orblecmon atiandsd itviaortniiaaoolnf asm l ostth sea me vaanldu seuih,cn a
caset riuttehs e lmeiesi nt hhea mronoiubsl nedgio nfs evaealrt rtactliivnoeefp s al yi nats oi nwghloel e.
Almoaslptlr b olecmonst asiinvd aert iinaosw,h idcohn octo tnribtuoit ttesh m eaitcc otnent. teWhshaeid lde
notighnt oi ts avrateli,uts htemiyac y b ei moprtanitni necarsiintdgsffii cultEyvn.es ow,e s ahlnlo cto uan t
porbleasm p erefcwth eans ignlpeer tltyii nasec cmopanbiyea wd h orlaeoft fw orthslv easriatieinvotinasbt;lh ye,
comparciosmotenosm inodfa p eaarmlog nr bubish.
C. Originality
Therq eueimrenotf goirniiatslyo,i moprtainnt aartlilsw toircck a,n nboeut n edrtemisateedv einn ptorhbel em.
A genuyin neewal nodir giindagelia v aep sor blveaml euveei nnt hfeca eo fc onstcrtnuiaodle fetchtmeso ,r seoi f
wet akiteno a ccouthn owdffi icuilittts oa chitervuoeier gn iality.
Nowad,aw yhsesno mteoh usnads dffoierfe ncth ecsosm nbaiotnihsa vbee epner senatspe rdol bemisth, a s
beconmeesc seatryos eeokir ginnaolitint t hybe a smiacn oeeustv hmreselwvhesia,cr hle mi itiennd u mb,be urt in
findidnffige reannted v rem oerp erfercetn derIinpn lgasoc.fie n troiirngsiiinctaw yle,h avreta heorr igiinna lity
thmee aonsfr eiaztlaioInnt. h siesn cshee,sc so mbtiinoaanerts r uilnyhe axtuisble.
Thegr eastceosfptore v aertiayn fder shsnsoe ft huoghletis i npo rblesmw hotshee cmoen siints htbesel ndgi n
ofs evaelirt neerstgl iinnoefps l aiytno a u neidfiw holCeel.al ryn,o l eosirsg inlailieinst ys ubclhe tnhada inn
manpyor blewmhsee tr hseo -lclatehde miewf,e e xaimniemt o erc lolsyte,a ktehsfe or mo fam anoeewu hvriicsh
inrefquensetnelb ye ucsaieit sd ifficto uril mposstiorb elaeel a ilnzoga trisltiisnc,oe re evnw heet rhoerg iintayl i
limeesr eilnty hu ens ataicstfforormyo ft hper lobeamn idn ciotmspe ld eietsgrda rfnoorr maatrli sptriicn ciples.
Iti sdffi iclutto s hwo somegtt hriunnleywi na s invgalrteii aoann,id tf ol lwost htap orbleamc tiivnti htey
ftuuerw icloln nctermatoeera nmdo ero nh armioonucsonltyr isveeotdfsa ttravcatriinvaset.I it io st hceh ief
meriotfo uBro hmeiapnrb oleimsttahstc omposoiftt hinioasnt uhratesa kdeene preoroh tee rt haann ywheee rsle
in cthehsews o dr.lT ruteh,pe r inciiespv ywlehreer ea ckwnloedtghetaad t tcrtaivvaer iaetniahonncasep o rblem,
butth e itmrputoear nocfte h piirsn ciipssilt lielm preeftcluyn dseotrodR.at h,ew res eteh geor susn edvraluoifn g
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manpyor blewmhsi cfaeht rues veervaalri ioanotsfe qual ,o vnat lhguere onudtsh tat hedyon ot hatvreu e a
mailnapbyu otn lvya rtiiaons.
Ther equmiernoetfo rgiiniatplyl acneols i gbhudtre onn t hceo mopsebru,et v esno mhues bteo nh igsu ard
aganisbta nalwihteyt,ih tel rii enst hues oef h acknemyaenedou vroeris n t haeu totmimacu litpclaiitoonf
vartiiaonHsem. u sgti viejn ecsotm fer evsihg oiurn tow ohr,iek sti hebryt hied ehaesi c norrpaeotso rb yt he
oirgiwnaayilsnw hihcehr ealtihzeems.
D. Correctness
From ntahmeie t lsfie,t a pipsea nrtt w tihotauhctor rencetsaps or bliensmo t hgi.nI cnorrneecsctsat na kvea rious
formsb,ei itn corroefcc otnnteoesrins nt c orroefpc otsnietsAis po ornbl.e imis cn orriencc ottn enittf h seo lcvaenr
aovitdh aeu t'hsio nrtenpadlyea dn sdlo vieti na nhoetwra ys,it lrle achmiantigen n omto ert han gtihvee n
numboefmr o evs.
A corrpeorcblte m ohnlayos n fiesr tm ovweh ilceha tdots h reqe uirrseeudl Ittf.h eei rsm oert haonn e, the
porblheamas c omplaedtdei tsioolnu,aat lni idoit nns o cto ercrt.
Aviodcaeno ft hien ntdeepdal yc an oaclucsroo n t hsee coonrd dtm hoivr,ei nw hiccahs wees ay that the
porblehma asp artaidadli tsioolnuatSliu ocanhs . o tliuoinn vatletishd peaor bleimif ot c csui rnt hmea inypo lria n
at hemaltyii mcpaolrtvaanrttii aoann,dd e vailituif eot sc csui rnav ariawthiiowcnoh u oltd herweinhsaen tchee
artsitciocn toeftn htpe or blemH.ow evrem,o sptr oblaelmcssoo n tvaairni aotfni ooa nrtssit viacl ,au newde c all
additsioolnuatilins o uncvsha rtiiaodnusa lNse.el de10s ssa tyh,eh ya vneoi nflnuceoen t hvea loufte h peor blem.
Ad uaclan nodte atcrftr otmh bee auotfavy a rtiiaoitfnh eei rnso b eauttody ea tcrftor m.
(Tarnlsart'onso teI.h avteoh ughitta poppriratteot ralnastteh Cez ecthre msl iteornat lhleyfii rrs t
occurrenbcuet, mooudre Erngnl iusshai gcseo ofkorP osipSiclo'msp aldedtiet sioolnuaatlnid dou naf lorh ipsa rtial
additsioolnuadtlui aobnle,si cnlsgas iafises idifig cnanittf h ebyy patshmsea tpilcaa ynid n signoifitchaesnrw,etai nd to
aviodc ounsfiIoh na evr nedeedrP osSpiil"d'usal a"s" isgninfiicadnuta iln" wfholaolwt.s Modne Brohemian
usaigisen f ca ts moewhdaffite enrtf roPmo sSpiil"'asdi,dt iosnotaliluo bne"gi u nsefdor sao luwthiiodcnihe vg res
atm ovIea n"dd uaflor" s ao luwthiiodcnvih e gres ral nabdty epsasseosm oeft hteh meatpilca nyo;n -mtahteic
palyi nso rmailglneyodw r hetihiteds ru aloirzn eodt .)
Thed eepaenrmd oerc omipclaptoerbdl ecmasrn ra ley bwei tsheiotnu gstni ciafindtu alTsh.er m eovalo f
thedsuea ilessti henropt o ssaitab llolerp oisbsolneyl aantu ncaceplteaa rtibsctoiscTt h.de e efndgis niudseu ally
haasti tdssi possearvlae bla mdo vewsh,i pcerhs etnhtae t tkaewcri the rasrleuo vtetsoh igso aolra lwl hoimt o
attaiinti n fw eetrh an rqetuheiedrn ubmeorf meosTv.o d entyh dee efndseurc mhov ewso ubled ptolsieson r
eveinmp oslseiI.bsn iigfincadnutaa lrsae l asf oae utero f opblremesm lpoymiUnlgt tihperla;eta sl,si onp atricular,
offour-msow,vh eeertr herimero viaoslft new holilmpyo ssible.
Ont hoet rhh eanadp ,r olmbe cannboect o nseidpd ereefrcittf h meatciocn twehnitic lshe tshsa onu ttasngd in
iasc ocmpaniae dm absyds ua loifvz aertdii aoInsns. u chc a,ase eve"nni sigcnaindfitu"a llosw tehrve a loufte h e
problem.
A silmaierff eiccsta usbeyd a alnt ernmaattiimvnoegv eI.if ot c cuirnas na ttrapcutrmieav tewe h iicpsha rto f
thteh etmiapcl ayd,et sriotoy ras tl esatr edutchevesla uoeft hpeor blebmu;it it us nimpoirfto acincttu i rnas
matwei thaoruttiv satl,ieu cve eintf h oicsc su rtihnme a ilnapoyr ainin m prtoanvta rtiiaon.
An inverosfmi oovnew sh,i scohm etoicmceuspr atsri lcaurilnsy i mpplreo blietsmr se,ai tnte hdse a mwea ya s
ana dtdiiosnoatlliu oornd ual.
Thihsad se awlittc hor rtenceosfss o lutbiutothn p;eor blreemt asionmcseo nnteicwoint thhp ea regamntei ,n
tahti its iadnle iatziaoonfag am,ae nidft ol olwtsh aletg aolfpio tsyii tasif ourhnt erre qeumienrtO.f c osuert,h ee r
inso n eetdod emnostrtahlteee g tayol fei vreyp robploeitsmi boynp lagy igaan mteoi tr;ta hetrhn,ee eidms e erly
tod emnostrwahteaenp osiitisi mopsnios blforee ,x amopnlweei tBhl apcakw onnsf7 ,g 7,h 7a,n hd5 O.ft etnh e
demotnaritsocno inssitnlsoo iknagtt hneu mboefpr a wcna pttuahrtme uss hta vbee emna dei;tf h see extcheee d
nubmeorfm enm issifnorgmt hoet hseir,dt ehpeo siitcsil aoernil myp ossiibitlns eo p.to sIsfti odb elmeo natset r
imposistbiyybs iolmseu cmhe antsh,pe o sisthioounbl etd a kaesnl eg.A aglani,w es ometciommeasec roas s
posistuicoahnst hfeol lwoing:W hitBec, 5P b2P,d 2.Su chb ias hcoopun lodt aharvieos tehnte hnra btyh e
pormotioofan p wana,n tdh peo sitciaoln"l ereiltdsai viemlpyo ssiSbulcaehp " or.bl ecma nnboert ge ardaesd
wholcloreyrc atn,d mtoheres troijfcu td gweosu nlodat ll oiwtt o c omeptiena t ourney.
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2.T hep roblaesma workof a rt
A.P uriotyf m ate
Thsir qeueimrecnertta etsh fier sstpc eiraulol fec hesaset shetAi mcast.ie ps u eri efa cshq ueai rnt hkien gfi'esl d
ise itchoevrrdee b ya s inagttlakeci nmga no rb locbkyea dd e nfdegim nanF.o erx apml,te hmea tient hlee ft­
handdig arabmle oiwps uerb, eucsaseq uareds5,a necd64 a, r ceo vebryte hdWe h ibtei shaonpbd y ontoh mearn ,
d4a ned5 b yt hknei ghatl ocn6e ,a dn6bd yt hkei nagl o,an necd5 a ned4 a rbeol ckbeydB alcmke na nadr neo t
covebryae ndWy h tiem anI.n c ontr,at shmtea toen trhiegi hfst af rrm o puer,be caeu5sa enc d5 a erc oveedbr y
botqhu eaennrd oo ka nd icbs4 o tbhl koecbdy t hBeal cbksi hoapn cdvo erbeytd h Weh tieki ng.
Thper ciinlpeof p uriotfmy a te ndooptee hsra pgso fsaoars t od ematnhdtea vreym atiena p orblebme p uer,
butth meo erp urmea taep sor blecmon tatihnhsegi heirsl ilkyte o ibtaese setthviacl .uO enec onidtitoahnti s
neceys,hs oaewrveirst, ht aa tl eaosnetm ate imna iltnhapbeyep urAen.du nless vaa rtiiaorsnelu tfsrm o some
specfieaarltei u nt hpely a,w er egaarssd i ignti ofinlcyia fnlt ei datst oap uerm ate.
Thteh eomfem anpyor blsec mosnitssi nh armoncioomubsi naotfpi ueorm naset s.
Frmo timteot imweec omaec ross ewxhaemarmp eal teiessi np rinlceii mppubruect,a n bsett irlelaas t ed
puer.T hsih apppeanrtsi cuilnta hrcela yso efm atgeisv beyn docuhebclkeF. or e xalm,epi nt hlee hfta-nd
digarabmeo lw,w heeWr htieh ajsu gsitv meantb eyRf 5,t he esd q5ui das orubclovyee rdb;u itit sp ossibtloge i ve
sucamh a tteh set angod fiap nuerm ateo,r oitnhw eordr s rtqehuei remoefpn urtisot ftye anp polnylt yot heegi ht
squasrrueruson dgit nhBeal ckikn g(.T ran'sSnl oa.ttT eohrsii si ndewehtdaP ospsiaSyiNslo. w aady,sw er egard
suhc maa taesp uroen liybfo tchhe cska rnee ecssaarswy o,u bledt hcea sheee rw eert hBeal cbksi hoopn teob6 e
replbayca Be aldc qku ene.)
A simaircl asaer iwsheesan p iinns e ceyst socae rrattehm eat .eT hmea teo nt hrei gihistm peuo rna cocunt
oft hseq ueae r4b,u tth nee cesosfti htpeyi r ne dutcheiesm pesrsoifoi nm pruiatnyid n m ancya sseusca hm ate
cabne t reaatsee qdiua vltet noap urmea t.e
Inm anpyor blemwsh,ee tr hmea iinn rteelsitie nts h uenf lodgio nft hseo tlinuo atnhdme a tiesm eerylt he
necestsearrymt iinooanft hpel aeyv,ea nc omlpeatbes eonfpc eue rm atceason ft ebneo verlobouksteu dca;h
porblceamnn obter geardaespd e erfcatn,sd o w eo ftesne ree wroknigosfo lidd eianasm oera rtisftoircm .
Ther equmiertnoe fp uroiftm ya tiens oatn a rbirtlureia mryp obsyet dhc ea ipcroefi nvdiiudalbsur,tta htehre
resoufal nta t temptr etfitonh epe l aryi guhptt ot hmea ting. T mhosiiv edeaaltiiziosbn a soendt hmeo tsr enfied
utiliozfat thpieoo tnsi ioann odf t haev iabllamea taelr,it hoeenl imtiinooanfe vyehtrinsgu prfleuuosa,n d the
renttenio onloyft hnee ecssyia nrtpaelyrb etewnte haet tackintghd eeae fnnddg if ornecs.
B. Comparabiliotyf a imas ndm eans
Ther enfieemtno fc omibnoantiapll alye adtsh fetrtu oh erre qeumietrno fe conoomfmy e anTsh.e r easiosn
pehraspt he saasam boev eT.h ep irncimpalneeis fitstse ilnnf u moeurwsa y,bs uitt mso sitm portraenqrtume ient
its htea veWryh iptiee sctleoil n t hbeo das rohulpdai rtcipiantt heme a tient hmea ilnapys;h ouapl idc een obte
needientd h meat ei,mt usbtes arcificaetsd o me pionti hpnelt a Tyh.ir se iqruemdeonentso a tp ptloty h Beal ck
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menn,o trot hWeh iptaew nanskd i ng.
Itiso fc orusuenr aeilsttiodc e masntdr eiccotn oomffy or ciene vreym aitnpgo siitniap oornb elmb,u tth e
minimm ruequiriestm hetaan ttl eaosntem a tient hmea inypb leea comniocaOlfc. o sueri ti sb etittfeh re
remaiinmgna taersee c onomaiswc elal.lI np orblemwsh otshee miets hhea rmoncioomubsti inooanfv ariinoast,
three qumiertnoe fe conoamplypi teoes a cohft hteh,e tmialcie ns.
Butth per incoifep cloen oamlysd oe mdasnt haas tm ucahd vanatspa ogses bietb alkeo eftn h peo wseo rft he
attacmkeinnT.gh er elaptoiwvoeerft hpei escheosu slhdoi wtl sefev einnt hgeu ardoiftn hkigen gfi'se lidnt he
matet;hm eo erp owrfeupli ecsehso uslhdod uetlrh ger eaptaertor ft hbeu dre.nN egleocftt h piirsn clieup,n slse
inheentrtot hteh emoeft hpeor bleaml,w agyisva eb sai dm perssni.o
Ecnooyma ppslm ioetst elglltiyotn hceo ncoefbp eta uotfmy a teA.nu nneescsyWa hritwen sp,ia itntignt he
Balckki nfige',lsg d ievsa m osutnfo rtnuatiem persisotnoa no nolkoeorft asatnedd si cernntms;e imiltahrel y,
preseonfsc eev eriatlme e Wnih n mtahtei fineg,le dveintf h eayern eedteogd u das rqueasdr,o enso cto ndtuoc e
thmeo sbte taiufoufml a tse.
Thec oncoefep cto noampyp ltioe swt hhoeol fet hseou ltionno;ot n ylm utst he meunes deb ffecet ivienl y
thfien aplot sii,ot nhemyut sa lscoon tritbotu htpeeal yl edaignu pt oi tT.h el easm sa ni uss eidnt hmea tteh,e
moeri mportaar notil mteu sftul fiilnt h per ecepdaliyn.g
Again,a nu nofrntauter eismspiigsovi nei naf p owelrfm uan dnooettsa kaena ctpiavrtie n stouhlet ibounit,s
conefidtn op assgiuvdaed r utTyh.e rmeu tsa lwabyeas b alabnectew aecetnai nvpdea ssdiuvteAy m.a nw hich
palyosn layni nsignriofiilcneoa nnveta rtiiaomnut sb e.gin vceaor erspognldgyier ntaerro ilena nother.
A furtherp rincoifep cloen omtyh aoitfos b tagig neriarnets lutfosr ms mamlela nTsh.ei deiatslh t ar iacnhd
attrapcaltysi hvoeub lepd or ducebdya ppenatrilnys iifigncntaf orcei;tf h aeu thoral uootsfp e osw ermfeu,nwl e
demancdor reosndpinigmlpyer sisvrese lut. s Wjeu dagp eor bleme h masorhrwlhye intc so ntfeianlttsom atcuhp
tot hmea treiuaslet doc onstri.ut ct
Obvoiustlhype,r incoifep clooenm yo ff orcdeo ensoa tp polnyylt ot hWeh imtee nb,ut tos omeex taelntstoo
thBeal ck.
Thea bsorleuqteuemi nerti tsh aevtre ym ano n esaicbdhee neyct eots hspeaor rbml.eT her atoifo the men
one ach issiri redlee .vW aen tean rottak ligjn usta v oiocfyrt f oro nsei doert hoet hbeurot,fv icytw oihrtian
givneunm boefmr o vetsh;de ffii clutlyi neosit n a chige vtivhniec yti soter,lb fuitn c linchaisqn ugki lciayts
possibNloerd. o eismt a ttiefr s tihdteyer i ntgoh indoerdr e ylv aicytd osirposoefrs e latltiitvfleorelec y.I ti s
superflutooau tst etmope tq uiaztleh feor ceosft htew os idienas p orbleomrt, o g ive detefhned aeg rr eat
prepondoevrearna cttteah ce;k beuritht a tsob es aitadht a c ompledteefi nccioyef for coen t hdee efdninsgi de
givaenus n ftonurtaei mperssuinloenis itscs om pnesatbeysd o me poofpi atnritc tuhleatmria ictn ree.s t
Toe linmaitaeg o rsdssi rpoptoiroonff orcbey a ddgiu nnneecssya Barlck mieswn h oltloby ec ondemned.
Thmeo sttht ia pse rmeidit tsto r eplaaw ceeab ku nte ceysm saa,nsr ucahsa p awnb,y as tnrgoreo ne.
C. The initipaols ition
Thee rarsee rvaealrt tiiscco nsaitdieoarnffesc titnhsget taigrn posiiootnf a p orblemt:h aep paerancteh eo f
posiitniis toen,li ftcso nenctwiiotnh a stmsheuedg amleed aignu pt oi ta,n idt cso nnecwtiittohhn e y l pelaagd in
forwarfdor mi .t
Thei mportaonftc hese t taigrpn ositwihoincce,rha taek si nodfi tnrefceab etwteheaens mseudi ntroyd uctor
gamaen d stuhbqes ueetsn olounti,iso bvioTuhsep. o tsiioinst hoeut wafrordm o f ptohrbeml .eI tm akse teh
intiiiamlp acotn tjhued ogres olvaenrdc, o tnribsuitfigecnsai nttolh yi osr h esru bsetqj uuedngetmb eyn
awakneinafg re idnloyrh ostmioloed .
A posiitsai totnr aicftt hieeva rer e tnoomota nmye no nt hbeoa r,de tihearsa w hoolrei na npya rtilacru
reigonR.at hetrh,pee i cses houbleed vn eldyit sruitb,es dot htat haet tkaescra ntdh dee efndsea rleih kavaef ree
'
ranogfae c tiNoenih.te srh outolom da nmye nb eo petnoc apt,wu hrteehetrh ebyeW hiotreB lacIkn. stahmee
wayt,o moa npya wnosn tvhegereo fp romogtiivoaennu noftrunaetffee ctp;a tcriiunl Wahri,tp ea wnosnt eh
severnatnahkr t eob ea ovdieads m ucahsp ossi.b Dloeubplaewdng si vaep ooirm pesrsoina,n sdit lwlos rea re
tripled oppapwonssp ianawngwnd shc iha ero n sthaemfi el hea nvgip asseeadco ht hienpr l ay.
Additiotnhapelo ltsyii,om nu sbtee asainlpdyl ausriebalcyhi anpb allye;i sth ounlobdte atyrs ucsghin ass
miglhetat dho eb sveetrrot y rt op roivllege atlybi,e catuhsmeeo vensed eetdo r euftseu cahna ttempptreodao rfe
lieyklt ob et hree vseeor fp lausTihbilasep .p lpiaerustal irctloyi mapulsipboltseii oonfts h pewa nsa ntd ot he
preseonflc aern gumeb eorfsm eni nt hmei ddloeft heen emcya m.pO .nt hoet hhearn idtf, h eea rroenl yaf ew
meno nt hbeoa ridth ardmlatyt wehrest thhemera jorofit thWyeh itmee no ccyut phe lfouowrre arn aknstd h e
Balcmke nt huep pfeour.r
Thep osni tioof thiesa lksiiomn ptgoa rnatn,dw ep erefrt os eieti ni tosw nc ampW.e cnanorte gaar d
poistiaso ant tcrtaiivtfeh Beal ckikn gi sr orsuundbeyid t osp ponaenndit fssra f rmo tphiee coefis t s soiw.dn e
SiimlatrhlWeyh ,i ktien sgh ounlotd p blea ciend m tihded olfage or uopf B alcmke n.
Allt ihsb egis na,it dhreqe ueimretno fp alusliibntieye d bneco ratr ieedx tmtreoes W,e d on orte iqruteh e
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