The Tethys Ocean PDF
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THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 8 The Tethys Ocean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 1 The South Atlantic Volume 2 The North Atlantic Volume 3 The Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Volume4A The Eastern Mediterranean Volume 4B The Western Mediterranean Volume 5 The Arctic Ocean Volume 6 The Indian Ocean Volume 7 The Pacific Ocean (in two parts) Volume 8 The Tethys Ocean THE OCEAN BASINS AND MARGINS Volume 8 The Tethys Ocean Edited by Alan E. M. Nairn University of South Carolina Columbia. South Carolina Luc-Emmanuel Ricou CNRS Paris. France Bruno Vrielynck CNRS Paris. France and Jean Dercourt Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris. France SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC The Library of Congress has cataloged earlier volumes of this series as follows: Nairn, A. E. M. The ocean basins and margins. Includes bibliographies. Contents: v. 1. The South Atlantic. —v. 2. The North Atlantic. —[etc.]—v. 7B. The Pacific Ocean. 1. Submarine geology. 2. Continental margins. I. Stehli, Francis Greenough, joint author. QE39.N27 551.4*608 72-83046 ISBN 978-1-4899-1560-3 ISBN 978-1-4899-1558-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1558-0 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1996 Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 10 987654321 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher CONTRIBUTORS Jacques Azema Yves Bellion CNRS URA 1761, Departement de Faculte des Sciences, Universite Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite d'Avignon, Avignon, France Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France J. Besse Jean-Jacques Bache Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, BRGM, 45060 Orleans Cedex, France Paris, France Gyorgy Bardossy Jean-Pierre Burg Hungarian Aluminum Industrial Co., Geologisches Institut, ITH Zentrum, Ltd., Budapest, Hungary Zurich, Switzerland Jean-Paul Bassoullet Gilbert Camoin CNRS URA 1761 Departement de Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite CNRS URA 1208, Centre de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Sedimentologie et Paleontologie, Universite de Provence, Aymon Baud Marseille, France Musee de Geologie, UNIL, BFSH2, Lausanne, Switzerland Gabriel Carlier ORSTOM, CS 1, UR 13, 75480 Paris, Fran~ois Baudin France, and CNRS URA 736, CNRS URA 1761, Departement de Laboratoire de Minerologie Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France 75005 Paris, France v vi Contributors Fabrizio Cecca Eric Fourcade CNRS URA 1761, Departement de CNRS URA 1761, Departement de Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Pierre-Jean Combes Rene Guiraud Laboratoire de Geologie, Universite de Faculte des Sciences, Universite Montpellier II, Montpellier, France d'Avignon, Avignon, France Jean-Paul Herbin Nicholas Cottereau Departement de Geologie-Geochemie, ELF, Pau, France Institut Fran<;ais du Petrole, Rueil Malmaison, France Pierre Courjault-Rade CNRS URA 67, Laboratoire de Zivko Ivanov Petrophysique, 31400 Toulouse, France Department of Geography and Geology, Universite Klement V. Courtillot Ochridski, Sofia, Bulgaria Institute de Physique du Globe de Etienne Jaillard Paris, Paris, France ORSTOM, CS1, UR 13, 75480 Paris Cedex 10, France Patrick De Wever CNRS URA 1761, Laboratoire de Laslo Klain Geologie, Museum National Geologisches Institut, ETH Zentrum, d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Ziirich, Switzerland Jean Dercourt Alain Levy CNRS URA 1761, Departement de CNRS URA 1315, Departement de -Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Dimo Dimov Jacques Lucas Department of Geography and CNRS, Universite Louis Pasteur and Geology, Universite Klement Centre de Geochimie de la Surface, Ochridski, Sofia, Bulgaria Strasbourg, France Raymond Enay Jean Marcoux URAM, Universite Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Geologie, Universite Villeurbanne, France Paris 7, et IPGP, Paris, France Contributors vii Rene Marocco Thierry Sempere ORSTOM, CS1, UR 13, 75480 Paris 13 rue Geoffroy L'Angevin, 75004 Cedex 10, France Paris, France Jean-Pierre Masse Pierre Soler CNRS URA 1208, Centre de ORSTOM, TOA, 75480 Paris Cedex Sedimentologie et Paleontologie, 10, France Universite de Provence, Marseille, France H. Theveniaut Institute de Physique du Globe de Jean Philip Paris, Paris, France CNRS URA 1208, Centre de Present address: BRGM, La Source, Sedimentologie et Paleontologie, Orleans, France Universite de Provence, Marseille, France Francis Tollon CNRS URA 67, Laboratoire de Mine Liliane Prevot-Lucas ralogie, 31400 Toulouse, France CNRS, Universite Louis Pasteur and Centre de Geochimie de la Surface, Bruno Vrielynck Strasbourg, France CNRS URA 1761, Departement de Geologie Sedimentaire, Universite Luc-Emmanuel Ricou Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France CNRS URA 729, Laboratoire de Paleomagnetisme et Geodynamique, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France FOREWORD TETHYS: THE QUEST FOR A WST OCEAN This volume in the series The Ocean Basins and Margins is the final synthesis of a five-year, multidisciplinary endeavor called the Tethys Project. The aim of this project was to depict the origin, configuration, and evolution of the Tethys oceanic realm, which separated North America, Europe, and Asia to the north from South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica to the south during the Mesozoic. The buildup of the Alpine ranges from the Caribbean to Indonesia occurred during its closure. From 1987 to 1992, the Tethys Project involved academic sponsors (Pierre et Marie Curie University of Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) as well as petroleum companies (BP, ELF-EAP, CFP-TOTAL, Shell) and applied research centers (Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, Institut Fran<;ais du Petrole, Institut Fran<;ais de Recherche et Exploitation de la Mer). It was led by Jean Dercourt (University P. et M. Curie) and Luc-Emmanuel Ricou (CNRS, Paris). The project developed in three stages, associating more than 100 experts who synthesized their personal data, compiled already published observations, and ac quired new field data on poorly known areas. For each stage, specific products were developed. In the first stage, kinematics and paleomagnetism were combined to locate continents for each main period, determine major blocks, and follow their migration from Gondwana and their progressive collision with Laurasia. This retrotectonic building stage materialized in the publication of a first set of lithospheric atlases of the Mediterranean, as part of UNESCO-IGCP project 198 (Rakus et al., 1989, 1990, 1991; Dercourt et al., ix x Foreword 1990), the Caribbean (Stephan et al., 1990) and the Southwest Pacific (Rangin et al., 1990). After defining the frame, the second stage was devoted to paleogeographical and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Tethys, again by the compilation of a huge bibliography, use of original field work and analytical data obtained by the authors in various regions, plotting various lithological or paleontological symbols in their paleogeographic position followed by facies analysis to reconstruct paleo environments. This endeavor resulted in the publication of a 14-map atlas at 1:20,000,000 (J. Dercourt, L.E. Ricou, and B. Vrielynck, 1993), displaying paleo geographical and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of Tethys ranging from Perm ian (260 Ma), pre-Tethys time to Miocene (10 Ma), post-Tethys time, with each map covering a time interval of 2 to 6 million years. More than 120 experts participated in developing this atlas, which was accompanied by a detailed notice including more than 1700 references. These cartographic and analytical achievements were completed by a synthesis using map data to sketch a thematic evolution of Tethys and deduce constraints concerning the Earth's global behavior. The volume is divided into six chapters. The first chapter consists of two parts, by Ricou and by Besse et al. Ricou presents a synthesis of the plate-tectonics history of the past Tethys Ocean, reconstructed through a set of 14 maps, and details the kinematics of plates, blocks, and their boundaries around and within Tethys. Ricou introduced the concept of transit plate(s), which, in eastern Tethys, controlled the migration of blocks detached from the southern continent to become accreted to the northern. Besse et al. used paleomagnetic data to propose a revised and improved reconstruction of the apparent polar-wandering path of major cratons since the Upper Carboniferous. The second chapter presents new geological data. Guiraud and Bellion describe the Late Carboniferous to Recent geodynamic evolution of the West Gondwanian cratonic Tethyan margin and show that the western Gondwanian Rift System and related magmatic provinces are related to the reactivation of pre-existing Pan African zones of lithospheric weakness. Burg et al. studied the mylonitic gneisses of the Rhodope Massif, assessing the kinematics of ductile deformation events and the emplacement of a large-scale, nappe complex leading to a better reconstruction of the Mesozoic Vardar Ocean. The third chapter is a set of three papers dealing with Mesozoic paleo geographical reconstructions of Tethys. Marcoux and Baud present a synthetic comment on the Permo-Triassic map depicting the beginning of the breakup of Pangea by rifting and spreading. Fourcade et al. synthesize the five maps of Jurassic paleoenvironments showing that sedimentation was controlled by spreading that led to the development of deep basins in the E-W Tethys Ocean and the establishment of seaways that modified the oceanic circulation. Masse et al. describe the major
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