The Technical Foundations of Iot

494 Pages·2017·8.771 MB·English

by  Boris Adryan, Dominik Obermaier, Paul Fremantle

The Technical Foundations
of IoT
For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Mobile Communications Series,
turn to the back of this book.
The Technical Foundations
of IoT
Boris Adryan
Dominik Obermaier
Paul Fremantle
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A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by John Gomes
ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-251-5
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
ForewordbyAndyStanford-Clark xv
ForewordbyAlexandraDeschamps-Sonsino xvii
IntroductionbyStefanGrasmann xix
PrefacebyBorisAdryan xxiii
ReasonsforThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
HowtoNavigateThisBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
I PhysicalPrinciplesandInformation 1
Chapter1 ElectricityandElectromagnetism 3
1.1 Matter,ElementsandAtoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.1 ElectronConfigurationandAtomicOrbitals . . . 5
1.1.2 ConductorsandSemiconductors. . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.3 ElectricCharge,CurrentandVoltage . . . . . . . 10
1.2 ElectricandMagneticFields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.1 MagnetsandMagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2 InteractionsofElectricandMagneticFields . . . 20
1.2.3 ElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chapter2 Electronics 45
2.1 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1.1 PassiveComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
v
vi CONTENTS
2.1.2 ActiveComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2 AnalogueandDigitalCircuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.1 Logicgates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.2 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.2.3 BinaryCalculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.4 LogicChips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3 ProgrammableComputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.3.1 Field-ProgrammableGateArrays . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.2 Microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.3.3 MultipurposeComputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter3 InformationTheoryandComputing 75
3.1 InformationContent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 A/DandD/AConversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3 DigitalSignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.4 Computability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
II HistoricalPerspectiveoftheInternetofThings 85
Chapter4 50YearsofNetworking 87
4.1 TheEarlyInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 WorldWideWebandWeb2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2.1 WorldWideWeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.2 Web2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3 ConnectingThings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.1 IndustrialControlSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.2 TheInternetofThings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
III ApplicationsofM2MandIoT 95
Chapter5 TheDifferenceBetweenM2MandIoT 97
Chapter6 CommonThemesAroundIoTEcosystems 101
6.1 Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.1.1 SmartEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.2 SmartManufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1.3 SmartRetail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
CONTENTS vii
6.1.4 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 CitiesandMunicipalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1 Energy,GasandWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.2 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.3 Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.4 SecurityandSafety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3 ConnectedVehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.3.1 SmartBuildingsandAssistedLiving . . . . . . . 118
6.3.2 SmartBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3.3 AssistedLiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Chapter7 DriversandLimitations 123
7.1 DriversforAdoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
IV ArchitecturesofM2MandIoTSolutions 127
Chapter8 ComponentsofM2MandIoTSolutions 129
8.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2 SensorsandActuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 GatewaysandHubDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.4 CloudandDataPlatforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Chapter9 ArchitecturalConsiderations 137
9.1 NetworkTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
9.2 SpatialDimensionsofNetworking . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Chapter10 CommonIoTArchitectures 141
10.1 MeshNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
10.2 LocalGateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
10.3 DirectConnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter11 HumanInterfaces 147
11.1 UserExperienceandInterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
11.2 MobilePhonesandEndDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
viii CONTENTS
V Hardware 153
Chapter12 HardwareDevelopment 155
Chapter13 Power 159
13.1 ConstraintsofField-DeployedDevices . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2 PowerAdapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2.1 ConventionalAC/DCAdapters . . . . . . . . . . 160
13.2.2 USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
13.2.3 PoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
13.3 Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
13.3.1 BatteryChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
13.3.2 RechargeableBatteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
13.3.3 BatteryTypesandReal-LifeProperties . . . . . . 170
13.4 RenewableEnergySources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
13.4.1 SolarPanels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
13.4.2 EnergyHarvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Chapter14 Actuators 177
14.1 FromBuzzerstoSpeakers(Sound) . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
14.2 FromIndicatorLightstoDisplays(Light) . . . . . . . . . 178
14.3 FromVibrationtoRotationtoSwitching(Motion) . . . . 180
14.3.1 VibrationandPiezoelectricMotors . . . . . . . . 180
14.3.2 SolenoidsandElectromagneticMotors . . . . . . 180
14.3.3 Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
14.4 OtherFormsofEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter15 Sensors 187
15.1 Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.2 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
15.2.1 GlobalLocalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
15.2.2 IndoorLocalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
15.3 PhysicalTriggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15.3.1 Position,MotionandAcceleration . . . . . . . . 191
15.3.2 ForceandPressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
15.3.3 LightandSound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
15.3.4 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
15.3.5 Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.4 ChemicalTriggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
CONTENTS ix
15.4.1 SolidParticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
15.4.2 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
15.4.3 pHandOtherIon-SpecificIndicators . . . . . . . 205
15.4.4 Alkanes,AlcoholsandAmines . . . . . . . . . . 206
Chapter16 EmbeddedSystems 207
16.1 Microcontrollers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
16.1.1 Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
16.1.2 PowerConsumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
16.1.3 Input-OutputCapability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
16.1.4 OperatingSystemsandProgramming . . . . . . . 212
VI DeviceCommunication 213
Chapter17 CommunicationModels 215
17.1 OpenSystemsInterconnectionReferenceModel . . . . . 216
17.1.1 Layer1:Physical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
17.1.2 Layer2:DataLink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
17.1.3 Layer3:Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
17.1.4 Layer4:Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
17.1.5 Layers5–7:Session,Presentation,Application . 218
17.2 TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocolModel . 219
Chapter18 InformationEncodingandStandardQuantities 221
18.1 CodingSchemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
18.2 InformationQuantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
18.3 InformationEncoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Chapter19 IndustryStandards 225
19.1 HardwareInterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
19.1.1 CommunicationPrinciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
19.1.2 Serial/UART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
19.1.3 SerialBuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
19.1.4 JointTestActionGroup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
19.1.5 UniversalSerialBus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
19.2 Longer-RangeWiredCommunications . . . . . . . . . . 235
19.2.1 FieldbusSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
19.2.2 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248