The TCP/IP Guide: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Internet Protocols Reference

1618 Pages·2005·53.882 MB·English

by  Charles M. Kozierok

TCPIP_02.book Page i Thursday, January 5, 2012 12:32 PM
What Readers Are Saying about The TCP/IP Guide
“Whenever I need information or clarification on any TCP/IP or OSI related
topic, The TCP/IP Guide is the first place I go.”
–SHAWN BRIDGLAL, COMPUTER ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIST
“ . . . an extremely readable and lucid document on a very involved subject. The
TCP/IP Guide is an immense piece of work, but it does the best job I’ve seen of
making a complicated subject understandable.”
–PETER BICE, CONSULTING SOFTWARE ENGINEER
“An absolute must-have for the serious student of networking, and those who just
want a greater understanding of the technical world around them. Its level of
detail is excellent, yet its simple explanations and analogies of even the most
complex subjects make this work unparalleled. Even for the experienced student
its coverage of the basics can make things so much clearer.”
–IAIN DENTON, NETWORKING STUDENT
“Written in Charles M. Kozierok’s familiar down-to-earth style, The TCP/IP Guide
is at once easy enough to understand that it should be an excellent starting place
for beginners to learn networking—and at the same time, thorough and in-depth
enough to make it a must-have reference for advanced users and professionals.”
–BILLY GRIFFIS, COMPUTER TECHNICIAN
“In The TCP/IP Guide, Charles M. Kozierok thoroughly explains the details of
many complex networking processes in a straightforward, orderly manner. He is
an excellent teacher—his lucid understanding of his subject matter and his
awareness of his audience are evident in every explanation of the many TCP/IP
topics he addresses. The TCP/IP Guide is a valuable resource for anyone wanting
to thoroughly understand the details of how TCP/IP networking works.”
–DAVID WILLIAMS, TEACHER
“Everyone who is starting off their IT career or wanting to increase their
knowledge of TCP/IP would benefit enormously by buying this book.”
–KIRK PASCOE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEER
TCPIP_02.book Page ii Thursday, January 5, 2012 12:32 PM
TCPIP_02.book Page iii Thursday, January 5, 2012 12:32 PM
THE TCP/IP GUIDE
A Comprehensive, Illustrated
Internet Protocols Reference
by Charles M. Kozierok
San Francisco
TCPIP_02.book Page iv Thursday, January 5, 2012 12:32 PM
THE TCP/IP GUIDE. Copyright © 2005 by Charles M. Kozierok.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.
12 11 10 5 6 7 8 9 10
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN-10: 1-59327-047-X
ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-047-6
Publisher: William Pollock
Production Manager: Susan Berge
Cover and Interior Design: Octopod Studios
Developmental Editor: William Pollock
Technical Reviewers: Fernando Gont, Barry Margolin
Copyeditors: Marilyn Smith, Lisa Theobald, Mark Nigara
Compositor: Riley Hoffman
Proofreader: Stephanie Provines
For information on book distributors or translations, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly:
No Starch Press, Inc.
38 Ringold Street, San Francisco, CA 94103
phone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; [email protected]; http://www.nostarch.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kozierok, Charles.
The TCP/IP guide : a comprehensive, illustrated internet protocols reference / Charles Kozierok.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-59327-047-X
1. TCP/IP (Computer network protocol) I. Title.
TK5105.585.K69 2005
004.6'2--dc22
2004008863
No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc. Other product and
company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than use a trademark
symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the
benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark.
The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press, Inc. shall have any liability to any
person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the
information contained in it.
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D E D I C A T I O N
This book is dedicated to my family: my wife, Robyn,
and my three sons, Ryan, Matthew, and Evan.
I suppose that it’s a cliché to dedicate a book to your wife. If so, it’s for a
very good reason. Who plays a more important role in the life of an author
than his or her spouse? Robyn is my partner—the person who is always there
and the one who shares my life in so many ways. The expression about a
great woman being behind every good man is true, yet my wife is deserving of
recognition for reasons that go far beyond the usual one of being “supportive.”
She agreed to take on a regular working position to make it possible for
me to spend time on a very long project with an uncertain payoff. She took
on most of the tasks of taking our children to school and dealing with their
needs, to give me time to write. She also gracefully agreed to “do without”
many things that many other wives would not have been too happy about
forgoing.
But most of all, she deserves a world of credit for putting up with me. For
constantly reassuring me that it was okay that I was spending years on a
project that might not be successful. For listening to me talk for countless
hours, and for giving her opinions on many portions of my writing, all on a
subject that really doesn’t interest her. And most important, for encouraging
me when I felt this was a waste of time, and even kicking me in the butt when
I felt like giving up. Without Robyn, this book simply would not exist.
Thanks, R.
My three boys deserve credit for similar reasons, but to a lesser extent.
They have had to put up with my constantly sitting at the computer, trying to
tune them out so I could concentrate; my too-frequent grouchy moods; and
my reluctance to spend time with them when I had work on my plate. I am
sure there were many times that they wished I just had a regular “day job.”
TCPIP_02.book Page vi Thursday, January 5, 2012 12:32 PM
Ryan, my big boy, has been very patient in waiting for me to finish this project
so we can resume several activities that we used to engage in regularly. Matthew, my
fun-loving and rambunctious middle son, has also had to deal with me not being
able to spend as much time as I would have liked with him. And little Evan has had
a father working on a long-term project for his entire life! All three of my boys have
been very understanding and provided me with much-needed joy and laughter at
times when I needed them most.
vi Dedication
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B R I E F C O N T E N T S
Contents in Detail.........................................................................................................xiii
List of Figures................................................................................................................xlv
List of Tables..................................................................................................................lv
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................lxv
About the Author.........................................................................................................lxvii
Introduction.................................................................................................................lxix
SECTION I: TCP/IP OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION
PART I-1: NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter1: Networking Introduction, Characteristics, and Types...........................................5
Chapter2: Network Performance Issues and Concepts......................................................31
Chapter3: Network Standards and Standards Organizations............................................45
Chapter4: A Review of Data Representation and the Mathematics of Computing.................61
PART I-2: THE OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI) REFERENCE MODEL
Chapter5: General OSI Reference Model Issues and Concepts..........................................81
Chapter6: OSI Reference Model Layers........................................................................101
Chapter7: OSI Reference Model Summary....................................................................113
PART I-3: TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE AND ARCHITECTURE
Chapter8: TCP/IP Protocol Suite and Architecture..........................................................121
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SECTION II: TCP/IP LOWER-LAYER CORE PROTOCOLS
PART II-1: TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER PROTOCOLS
Chapter9: TCP/IP Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Overview and Fundamentals..................................................................................139
Chapter10: PPP Core Protocols: Link Control, Network Control, and Authentication...........155
Chapter11: PPP Feature Protocols.................................................................................167
Chapter12: PPP Protocol Frame Formats........................................................................181
PART II-2: TCP/IP NETWORK INTERFACE/INTERNET LAYER CONNECTION PROTOCOLS
Chapter13: Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).............203
Chapter14: Reverse Address Resolution and the TCP/IP Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol (RARP).....................................................................................................227
PART II-3: INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION4 (IP/IPV4)
Chapter15: Internet Protocol Versions, Concepts, and Overview......................................235
Chapter16: IPv4 Addressing Concepts and Issues..........................................................241
Chapter17: Classful (Conventional) Addressing.............................................................255
Chapter18: IP Subnet Addressing (Subnetting) Concepts.................................................273
Chapter19: IP Subnetting: Practical Subnet Design and Address Determination Example.....297
Chapter20: IP Classless Addressing—Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)/Supernetting..............................................................................................315
Chapter21: Internet Protocol Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting..............................329
Chapter22: IP Datagram Size, Fragmentation, and Reassembly.......................................339
Chapter23: IP Routing and Multicasting........................................................................351
PART II-4: INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION6 (IPV6)
Chapter24: IPv6 Overview, Changes, and Transition.....................................................365
Chapter25: IPv6 Addressing........................................................................................373
Chapter26: IPv6 Datagram Encapsulation and Formatting...............................................401
Chapter27: IPv6 Datagram Size, Fragmentation, Reassembly, and Routing.......................415
viii Brief Contents
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PART II-5: IP-RELATED FEATURE PROTOCOLS
Chapter28: IP Network Address Translation (NAT) Protocol.............................................425
Chapter29: IP Security (IPsec) Protocols........................................................................449
Chapter30: Internet Protocol Mobility Support (Mobile IP)...............................................475
PART II-6: IP SUPPORT PROTOCOLS
Chapter31: ICMP Concepts and General Operation......................................................507
Chapter32: ICMPv4 Error Message Types and Formats..................................................521
Chapter33: ICMPv4 Informational Message Types and Formats.......................................535
Chapter34: ICMPv6 Error Message Types and Formats..................................................547
Chapter35: ICMPv6 Informational Message Types and Formats.......................................557
Chapter36: IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol.......................................................575
PART II-7: TCP/IP ROUTING PROTOCOLS (GATEWAY PROTOCOLS)
Chapter37: Overview of Key Routing Protocol Concepts.................................................591
Chapter38: Routing Information Protocol (RIP, RIP-2, and RIPng).......................................597
Chapter39: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)..................................................................625
Chapter40: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP/BGP-4).......................................................647
Chapter41: Other Routing Protocols.............................................................................677
PART II-8: TCP/IP TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
Chapter42: Overview and Comparison of TCP and UDP................................................689
Chapter43: TCP and UDP Addressing: Ports and Sockets................................................695
Chapter44: TCP/IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP).........................................................711
Chapter45: TCP Overview, Functions, and Characteristics..............................................719
Chapter46: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Fundamentals and General Operation......727
Chapter47: TCP Basic Operation: Connection Establishment, Management, and
Termination..........................................................................................................745
Chapter48: TCP Message Formatting and Data Transfer.................................................769
Chapter49: TCP Reliability and Flow Control Features....................................................793
Brief Contents ix