Table Of Content

The Tall al-Hammam Excavations, Vol. 1 An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam THE TALL AL-HAMMAM EXCAVATIONS Series Editors Steven Collins Carroll M. Kobs Michael C. Luddeni 1. Volume One: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam with Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni TH E TA L L A L - H A M M A M E XC AVAT IO NS Volume One: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam with Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts Steven Collins Carroll M. Kobs and Michael C. Luddeni Published for The Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project by EisEnbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana 2015 Copyright © 2015 Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Distributed by Eisenbrauns PO Box 275 Winona Lake, IN 46590–0275 http://www.eisenbrauns.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Steven, 1950– The Tall al-Hammam excavations / Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni. volumes cm Includes bibliographical references. Contents: Volume 1. An introduction to Tall al-Hammam : seven seasons (2005/2011) of ceramics and eight seasons (2005/2012) of artifacts from Tall al-Hammam. ISBN 978-1-57506-369-0 (volume 1 : hardback : alkaline paper) 1. Hammam, Tall al- (Jordan) 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Jordan. 3. Fortification—Jordan. 4. Land settlement—Jordan—History—To 1500. 5. Human ecology—Jordan—Jordan—History—To 1500. 6. Social archaeology— Jordan. 7. Jordan—Antiquities. 8. Jordan River Valley—Antiquities. I. Kobs, Carroll M. II. Luddeni, Michael C. III. Title. DS154.9.H35C65 2015 933′.55—dc23 2015003395 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♾ ™ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chronology Table and Stratigraphic Phases at Tall al-Hammam ......................................ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Tables .....................................................................................................................xii List of Pottery Plates ........................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................xix Preface .............................................................................................................................xxi Director’s Introduction .................................................................................................xxxiii PART ONE: ORIENTATION & METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction to Tall al-Hammam Terminology ............................................................................................................ 2 Geography and Topography of Tall al-Hammam ................................................... 2 Past Examinations of Tall al-Hammam .................................................................. 5 Possible Biblical Connections ................................................................................. 7 Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project Highlights .................................................... 8 Tall al-Hammam’s Stratigraphy .............................................................................. 9 Past Publication and Publicity Related to Tall al-Hammam ................................. 10 2. Archaeological Methodology Historical Methods ................................................................................................ 11 Modern Methods ................................................................................................... 14 Tall al-Hammam Methods .................................................................................... 15 New Terminology for Hammam’s Strata .............................................................. 17 PART TWO: CERAMICS 3. Ceramic Procedures and Analysis at Tall al-Hammam Ceramic Synopsis .................................................................................................. 19 Pottery and Artifact Recovery ............................................................................... 20 Pottery and Artifact Cleaning ............................................................................... 20 Pottery Sorting and Reading ................................................................................. 21 Cataloging ............................................................................................................. 23 Ceramic Analysis .................................................................................................. 23 Ceramic Photography ............................................................................................ 24 Artifact Processing ................................................................................................ 24 Exclusions to this Publication ............................................................................... 25 Table of Contents Table of Contents v Table of Contents 4. Chalcolithic Period Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................... 26 The Cultural Roots of Chalcolithic Hammam ...................................................... 26 Relationship between Ghassul and Hammam ....................................................... 27 Discovery and Controversy ................................................................................... 28 Architecture from the Chalcolithic Period ............................................................ 29 The Chalcolithic Ceramic Assemblage at Tall al-Hammam ................................. 30 Artifacts at Tall al-Hammam ................................................................................. 31 Burials Associated with Teleilat Ghassul and Tall al-Hammam ........................... 31 Chalcolithic Conceptual Models ........................................................................... 31 Teleilat Ghassul’s Ending—Tall al-Hammam’s Beginning? ................................ 32 A Note regarding the Pottery Plates ...................................................................... 33 Chalcolithic Plates 1-11 ...................................................................................34-40 5. Early Bronze Period Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................... 41 Early Bronze 1 Overview ...................................................................................... 43 Early Bronze 1 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 45 Early Bronze 1 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 46 Early Bronze 1 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 46 Early Bronze 1 Plates 12-25 ............................................................................47-54 Early Bronze 2 Overview ...................................................................................... 55 Early Bronze 2 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 56 Early Bronze 2 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 58 Early Bronze 2 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 59 Early Bronze 2 Plates 26-39 ............................................................................60-69 Early Bronze 3 Overview ...................................................................................... 70 Early Bronze 3 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 70 Early Bronze 3 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 71 Early Bronze 3 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 73 Early Bronze 3 Plates 40-70 ..........................................................................75-113 6. Intermediate Bronze Age Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................. 114 Perplexing Terminology ...................................................................................... 115 Other Intermediate Bronze Age Sites in the Region ........................................... 116 Tall al-Hammam in the Intermediate Bronze Age .............................................. 118 Intermediate Bronze Age Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam ............................... 119 Intermediate Bronze 1 Plates 71-98 .............................................................121-149 Intermediate Bronze 2 Plates 99-122 ...........................................................150-172 vi Table of Contents 7. Middle Bronze Age Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations ................................................................ 173 Terminology ...................................................................................................... 175 Synchronizations ............................................................................................... 176 Middle Bronze Architecture at Tall al-Hammam........................................... .... 177 Middle Bronze Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam................................................ 181 Middle Bronze 1 Plates 123-147................................................. .................183-201 Middle Bronze 2 Plates 148-176........................................................ ..........202-229 8. Iron Age 2-3 Tall al-Hammam Prologue to the Iron Age 2-3 Strata at Tall al-Hammam .................................... 230 Iron Age 2-3 Synopsis as Relevant for Tall al-Hammam ................................... 231 Iron Age 2 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ..................................................... 234 Iron Age 2 Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam ...................................................... 236 Iron Age 2a Plates 177-193 ..........................................................................237-246 Iron Age 2a-b Plates 194-213 ......................................................................247-263 Iron Age 2b Plates 214-229 .........................................................................264-279 Iron Age 2b-c Plates 230-239 ......................................................................280-286 Iron Age 2c Plates 240-250 ..........................................................................287-293 Iron Age 3/Persian Plates 251-257 ..............................................................294-297 9. Tall al-Hammam’s Necropolis and Megalithic Field Survey and Summary .......................................................................................... 298 Tombs .................................................................................................................. 299 Tomb Sherds and Objects ................................................................................... 300 Tomb Plates 258-267 and Objects ...............................................................300-306 A Possible Funerary Monument ......................................................................... 306 Funerary Monument Plate 268 and Objects .................................................306-307 Dolmens .............................................................................................................. 307 Dolmen Sherds and Objects ................................................................................ 310 Dolmen Plate 269 and Objects .....................................................................311-312 PART THREE: OBJECTS 10. Tall al-Hammam Objects Definition ............................................................................................................ 314 Object Listings and Assemblages ....................................................................... 314 Architectural Objects .......................................................................................... 315 Beads ................................................................................................................... 316 Ceramics ......................................................................................................317-321 vii Table of Contents Coins ................................................................................................................... 321 Cooking/Food Preparation Items .................................................................322-324 Cosmetic Utensils ............................................................................................... 325 Cultic Objects ...............................................................................................325-326 Figurines ......................................................................................................326-328 Flints ............................................................................................................328-333 Game Pieces/Tokens ........................................................................................... 334 Roman Glass ................................................................................................334-335 Horns ................................................................................................................... 336 Jewelry ................................................................................................................ 336 Metals .................................................................................................................. 337 Roulette ............................................................................................................... 337 Scarabs ................................................................................................................ 338 Seals/Stamps ....................................................................................................... 338 Shells ............................................................................................................339-341 Specialty Objects .........................................................................................341-343 Textile-Related Objects ................................................................................344-347 Tools .................................................................................................................... 347 Trade/Imports ..................................................................................................... 348 Weapons .......................................................................................................349-350 Weights ............................................................................................................... 351 PART FOUR: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography ............................................................................................................352-363 viii

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The Tall al-Hamman Excavations, Volume 1 is the first in a series of reports on the Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project, directed by Steven Collins of Trinity Southwest University and assisted by Gary Byers and Carroll Kobs, assistant dig directors. Co-author Mike Luddeni has been dig photographer sin
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The Tall al-Hammam Excavations, Vol. 1 An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam THE TALL AL-HAMMAM EXCAVATIONS Series Editors Steven Collins Carroll M. Kobs Michael C. Luddeni 1. Volume One: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam with Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni TH E TA L L A L - H A M M A M E XC AVAT IO NS Volume One: An Introduction to Tall al-Hammam with Seven Seasons (2005–2011) of Ceramics and Eight Seasons (2005–2012) of Artifacts Steven Collins Carroll M. Kobs and Michael C. Luddeni Published for The Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project by EisEnbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana 2015 Copyright © 2015 Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Distributed by Eisenbrauns PO Box 275 Winona Lake, IN 46590–0275 http://www.eisenbrauns.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Collins, Steven, 1950– The Tall al-Hammam excavations / Steven Collins, Carroll M. Kobs, and Michael C. Luddeni. volumes cm Includes bibliographical references. Contents: Volume 1. An introduction to Tall al-Hammam : seven seasons (2005/2011) of ceramics and eight seasons (2005/2012) of artifacts from Tall al-Hammam. ISBN 978-1-57506-369-0 (volume 1 : hardback : alkaline paper) 1. Hammam, Tall al- (Jordan) 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Jordan. 3. Fortification—Jordan. 4. Land settlement—Jordan—History—To 1500. 5. Human ecology—Jordan—Jordan—History—To 1500. 6. Social archaeology— Jordan. 7. Jordan—Antiquities. 8. Jordan River Valley—Antiquities. I. Kobs, Carroll M. II. Luddeni, Michael C. III. Title. DS154.9.H35C65 2015 933′.55—dc23 2015003395 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♾ ™ TABLE OF CONTENTS Chronology Table and Stratigraphic Phases at Tall al-Hammam ......................................ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Tables .....................................................................................................................xii List of Pottery Plates ........................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................xix Preface .............................................................................................................................xxi Director’s Introduction .................................................................................................xxxiii PART ONE: ORIENTATION & METHODOLOGY 1. Introduction to Tall al-Hammam Terminology ............................................................................................................ 2 Geography and Topography of Tall al-Hammam ................................................... 2 Past Examinations of Tall al-Hammam .................................................................. 5 Possible Biblical Connections ................................................................................. 7 Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project Highlights .................................................... 8 Tall al-Hammam’s Stratigraphy .............................................................................. 9 Past Publication and Publicity Related to Tall al-Hammam ................................. 10 2. Archaeological Methodology Historical Methods ................................................................................................ 11 Modern Methods ................................................................................................... 14 Tall al-Hammam Methods .................................................................................... 15 New Terminology for Hammam’s Strata .............................................................. 17 PART TWO: CERAMICS 3. Ceramic Procedures and Analysis at Tall al-Hammam Ceramic Synopsis .................................................................................................. 19 Pottery and Artifact Recovery ............................................................................... 20 Pottery and Artifact Cleaning ............................................................................... 20 Pottery Sorting and Reading ................................................................................. 21 Cataloging ............................................................................................................. 23 Ceramic Analysis .................................................................................................. 23 Ceramic Photography ............................................................................................ 24 Artifact Processing ................................................................................................ 24 Exclusions to this Publication ............................................................................... 25 Table of Contents Table of Contents v Table of Contents 4. Chalcolithic Period Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................... 26 The Cultural Roots of Chalcolithic Hammam ...................................................... 26 Relationship between Ghassul and Hammam ....................................................... 27 Discovery and Controversy ................................................................................... 28 Architecture from the Chalcolithic Period ............................................................ 29 The Chalcolithic Ceramic Assemblage at Tall al-Hammam ................................. 30 Artifacts at Tall al-Hammam ................................................................................. 31 Burials Associated with Teleilat Ghassul and Tall al-Hammam ........................... 31 Chalcolithic Conceptual Models ........................................................................... 31 Teleilat Ghassul’s Ending—Tall al-Hammam’s Beginning? ................................ 32 A Note regarding the Pottery Plates ...................................................................... 33 Chalcolithic Plates 1-11 ...................................................................................34-40 5. Early Bronze Period Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................... 41 Early Bronze 1 Overview ...................................................................................... 43 Early Bronze 1 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 45 Early Bronze 1 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 46 Early Bronze 1 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 46 Early Bronze 1 Plates 12-25 ............................................................................47-54 Early Bronze 2 Overview ...................................................................................... 55 Early Bronze 2 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 56 Early Bronze 2 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 58 Early Bronze 2 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 59 Early Bronze 2 Plates 26-39 ............................................................................60-69 Early Bronze 3 Overview ...................................................................................... 70 Early Bronze 3 Conceptual Model and Tall al-Hammam ..................................... 70 Early Bronze 3 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ................................................. 71 Early Bronze 3 Ceramic Profile at Tall al-Hammam ............................................ 73 Early Bronze 3 Plates 40-70 ..........................................................................75-113 6. Intermediate Bronze Age Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations .................................................................. 114 Perplexing Terminology ...................................................................................... 115 Other Intermediate Bronze Age Sites in the Region ........................................... 116 Tall al-Hammam in the Intermediate Bronze Age .............................................. 118 Intermediate Bronze Age Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam ............................... 119 Intermediate Bronze 1 Plates 71-98 .............................................................121-149 Intermediate Bronze 2 Plates 99-122 ...........................................................150-172 vi Table of Contents 7. Middle Bronze Age Tall al-Hammam Period Synopsis and Generalizations ................................................................ 173 Terminology ...................................................................................................... 175 Synchronizations ............................................................................................... 176 Middle Bronze Architecture at Tall al-Hammam........................................... .... 177 Middle Bronze Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam................................................ 181 Middle Bronze 1 Plates 123-147................................................. .................183-201 Middle Bronze 2 Plates 148-176........................................................ ..........202-229 8. Iron Age 2-3 Tall al-Hammam Prologue to the Iron Age 2-3 Strata at Tall al-Hammam .................................... 230 Iron Age 2-3 Synopsis as Relevant for Tall al-Hammam ................................... 231 Iron Age 2 Architecture at Tall al-Hammam ..................................................... 234 Iron Age 2 Ceramics from Tall al-Hammam ...................................................... 236 Iron Age 2a Plates 177-193 ..........................................................................237-246 Iron Age 2a-b Plates 194-213 ......................................................................247-263 Iron Age 2b Plates 214-229 .........................................................................264-279 Iron Age 2b-c Plates 230-239 ......................................................................280-286 Iron Age 2c Plates 240-250 ..........................................................................287-293 Iron Age 3/Persian Plates 251-257 ..............................................................294-297 9. Tall al-Hammam’s Necropolis and Megalithic Field Survey and Summary .......................................................................................... 298 Tombs .................................................................................................................. 299 Tomb Sherds and Objects ................................................................................... 300 Tomb Plates 258-267 and Objects ...............................................................300-306 A Possible Funerary Monument ......................................................................... 306 Funerary Monument Plate 268 and Objects .................................................306-307 Dolmens .............................................................................................................. 307 Dolmen Sherds and Objects ................................................................................ 310 Dolmen Plate 269 and Objects .....................................................................311-312 PART THREE: OBJECTS 10. Tall al-Hammam Objects Definition ............................................................................................................ 314 Object Listings and Assemblages ....................................................................... 314 Architectural Objects .......................................................................................... 315 Beads ................................................................................................................... 316 Ceramics ......................................................................................................317-321 vii Table of Contents Coins ................................................................................................................... 321 Cooking/Food Preparation Items .................................................................322-324 Cosmetic Utensils ............................................................................................... 325 Cultic Objects ...............................................................................................325-326 Figurines ......................................................................................................326-328 Flints ............................................................................................................328-333 Game Pieces/Tokens ........................................................................................... 334 Roman Glass ................................................................................................334-335 Horns ................................................................................................................... 336 Jewelry ................................................................................................................ 336 Metals .................................................................................................................. 337 Roulette ............................................................................................................... 337 Scarabs ................................................................................................................ 338 Seals/Stamps ....................................................................................................... 338 Shells ............................................................................................................339-341 Specialty Objects .........................................................................................341-343 Textile-Related Objects ................................................................................344-347 Tools .................................................................................................................... 347 Trade/Imports ..................................................................................................... 348 Weapons .......................................................................................................349-350 Weights ............................................................................................................... 351 PART FOUR: BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography ............................................................................................................352-363 viii

Description:
The Tall al-Hamman Excavations, Volume 1 is the first in a series of reports on the Tall al-Hammam Excavation Project, directed by Steven Collins of Trinity Southwest University and assisted by Gary Byers and Carroll Kobs, assistant dig directors. Co-author Mike Luddeni has been dig photographer sin
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