The Taktika of Leo VI

358 Pages·2010·40.059 MB·English

by  Leo VI , George T. Dennis

CORPUS FONTIUM THE TAKTIKA
HISTORIAE BYZANTINAE
OF LEO VI
CONSILIO SOCIETATIS INTERNATIONALIS
TEXT, TRANSLATION, AND COMMENTARY
STUDIIS BYZANTINIS PROVEHENDIS
DESTINATAE EDITUM by
GEORGE DENNIS
VOLUMEN XLIX
LEONIS VI TACTICA
EDIDIT, ANGLICE VERTIT, ADNOTAVIT
GEORGE DENNIS
SERIES WASHINGTONIENSIS,
EDIDIT JOHN DUFFY
DUMBARTON OAKS
In aedibus Dumbarton Oaks
RESEARCH LIBRARY AND COLLECTION
Washingtoniae, D.C.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
MMX
2010
CONTENTS
Preface vii
Introduction ix
Select Bibliography
© 2010 Dumbarton Oaks XV
Trustees for Harvard University Acronyms xix
Washington, D.C. Sigla xxi
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
TEXT AND TRANSLATION
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Prologue 2
Leo VI, Emperor of the East, 866-912.
Constitution 1: About Tactics and the General 12
[Tactica. English & Greek]
The Taktika of Leo VI I text, translation, Constitution 2: About the Qualities Required
and commentary by George Dennis. 1st ed. in the General 16
p. em. - (Dumbarton Oaks texts; 12)
Constitution 3: About How It Is Necessary to
Greek text and English translation on facing pages;
Make Plans
notes and commentary in English.
Includes bibliographical references and index. Constitution 4: About the Division of the Army and
ISBN 978-o-88402-359-3 (hardcover: alk. paper) the Appointment of Officers 46
1. Military art and science-Early works to 1800.
Constitutions: About Weapons 74
2. Tactics-Early works to 18oo.
3. Military art and science-Byzantine Empire. Constitution 6: About Armament for the Cavalry
4. Byzantine Empire-History, Military-527-1081. and the Infantry 82
I. Dennis, George T. II. Title.
Constitution 7: About Training for the Cavalry
Ul01.L42313 2010
and the Infantry 104
355.4'2-dc22
2009075248 Constitution 8: About Military Punishments 146
Constitution 9: About Marches 154
In accordance with the rules adopted by the
International Commission Constitution 10: About the Baggage Train 186
for the Edition of Sources of Byzantine History,
Constitution 11: About Camps 194
the text and translation of this volume have been verified
by John Duffy, John Haldan, and Alice-Mary Talbot. Constitution 12: About Advance Preparation for Battle 216
vi Contents
Constitution 13: About the Day before Battle
Constitution 14: About the Day of Battle 290
Constitution 15: About Besieging a City 350
Constitution 16: About Matters after the War 382
Constitution 17: About Surprise Attacks 392 PREFACE
Constitution 18: About the Practices of Various Peoples
and of the Romans in Their Battle Formations 436
Constitution 19: About Naval Warfare 502
Constitution 20: About Various Concise Sayings 536
My dissertation director, Raymond-J. Loenertz, OP, once told me that, in old
Epilogue 620
age, one should not undertake a critical edition of a Greek text. Perhaps I should
have followed his advice. When I began work on the present edition, however,
Maps 644 old age was off in the distant future and I could still distinguish an acute ac
cent from a grave. But, owing to unforeseen circumstances, the work took much
Byzantine Measurements 647
longer than I had anticipated and I came to realize the pertinence of Fr. Loen
Glossary 649
ertz's cautionary advice. Despite our best efforts, there surely remain imperfec
Persons Mentioned 653
tions and mistakes. That they are not too numerous is due largely to the careful,
Indexes
time-consuming work of John Duffy in reading and correcting my typescript.
I. Greek proper names 655 To him I express my heartfelt thanks. My thanks also to John Haldon for his
II. Greek terms 657 helpful suggestions and, among other things, his corrections of the equine ter
III. Fontes 669 minology. My sincere thanks go to Alice-Mary Talbot, ofDumbarton Oaks, for
her kind and constant support and for expediting the production of this book.
IV. General 672
My thanks, as well, to Joel Kalvesmaki, a former student, who so efficiently pre
sided over the editorial process, and to Lionel Yaceczko who moved that process
along carefully and professionally.
I must, as any scholar must, acknowledge the gracious, professional assis
tance of the librarians at Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Biblioteca Apostolica
Vaticana, Biblioteca de El Escorial, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, as well as those at
Dumbarton Oaks, The Catholic University of America, and Santa Clara Uni
versity.
Los Gatos, California George T. Dennis, S./.
September, 2009
INTRODUCTION
Although he probably never set foot on a battlefield, the Byzantine emperor
Leo VI (r. 886-912) appears to have had a lively interest in military matters and
the conduct of war. He was after all the supreme commander of the Byzantine
or, as he would prefer, Roman armed forces. Successor to Caesar Augustus, Tra
jan, Constantine, and Justinian, he was expected to be victorious in war and to
subject barbarian peoples to the authority of Rome. He soon realized that he
could not do this without a solid knowledge of military equipment and prac
tice. This is precisely what Leo set about to acquire. The Byzantines had inher
ited a voluminous series of military treatises from antiquity: diagrams of battle
formations and instructions for improving one's archery, for besieging or de
fending a city, and for nearly every aspect of warfare. Leo went through all this,
summarized it, and presented what he considered to be an elementary hand
book for his officers on how to prepare soldiers for war and how to move them
about on campaign and on the battlefield. The Tactical Constitutions, or Takti
ka, were the result.
Preceded by a prologue and concluding with an epilogue, the twenty Con
stitutions, or chapters, offer little that is original. But the Byzantines were not
interested in original compositions; they revered the authority of the ancients.
Apart, then, from sections devoted to the Saracens and to naval warfare, the
Taktika consist largely of adaptations and paraphrases of previous authors, the
most obvious of which are Onasander (first century A.D.), Aelian (second cen
tury A.D.), and Maurice (ca. A.D. 6oo). Leo must have compiled the Taktika
during his reign as emperor, for he refers to his father, Basil I, as deceased. As
with any work attributed to an emperor, it is not clear how much was written by
Leo himself (although there are some very personal remarks) and how much by
his secretaries or research assistants. At any rate, copies were made and, some
time before the death of his son, Constantine VII, in 959, it was incorporated
x Introduction Introduction xi
into a large volume of Greek military treatises, a sort of military encyclopedia, Nl copy of M, a sort of second edition. Although mutilated in the beginning and
and deposited in the imperial library. This, or a copy of it, is the mid-tenth at the end, and missing several folios, it must be consulted to establish the au
century codex Mediceo-Laurentianus graecus, 55, 4 (M). thentic text of the Taktika. W is a small (octavo) parchment volume consisting
This manuscript, written by one hand on good parchment, has been the presently of 249 folios. The script is clear, 24 lines to a page, although the ink has
subject of several detailed studies.' Alphonse Dain claims that it exemplifies the faded in several places. Especially in the earlier chapters, there are numerous
first manuscript family, which he designates as the authentic tradition. In its brief, crudely written marginal notations, perhaps by a later hand, often without
present state, it is made up of 404 folios, mostly quaternions, although some diacritical marks (reproduced as such in this edition), meant to clarify certain
folios are now missing, as will be noted suo loco. Each page measures 32.5 x 26 terms in the text. When W was written is not clear, probably early in the second
em., 32 lines to a page. The script is a clear and somewhat elegant minuscule, half of the tenth century.
with the titles in semi-uncial. The ink is dark brown, fading in places, with red A thorough study of the two manuscripts indicates that W may have been
ink used for the titles, which are preceded by ornamental bands. copied directly from M or, at least, from a manuscript very closely linked to it.
It seems that not many copies were made of M, and much of its subse The differences between the two are minimal, and a survey of the first fourteen
quent history is not clear. Early in the fifteenth century, it was owned by a high chapters reveals some 220 common errors, such as KOUTou~epvtv and T6A.oov
ranking army officer in the service of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, De-me (seep. xiii below). And, of course, each manuscript has some unique errors, with
trios Laskaris Leontares, who made use of blank spaces to record births and W having a few more than M, including some omissions. Both seem to regard
deaths in his family from 1408 to 1439. His grandson, also named Demetrios, indicative and subjunctive as interchangeable, o <-->- w, et <-->- '1· M tends to pre
made further notations for the years 1448 to 1450.2 After the fall of Constanti sent numerals as such, whereas W tends to spell them out, e.g., tW versus
nople, in 1453, the volume found its way to Thessaly, where it was purchased in 6wOeKa. Both prefer o to w in words such as KoupmiTope<;. In a few instances, W
1491 by Janus Laskaris and brought to Florence. has the correct reading whereas M does not, but these are usually due to simple
The Tactical Constitutions, beginning on folio 281, originally consisted of scribal corrections of mistakes in M. W generally adds final v before a word be
sixteen constitutions, which were followed by an assortment of maxims; an epi ginning with K or T.
logue; and three treatises on surprise attacks, siege warfare, and naval warfare. The second family of manuscripts, as identified by scholars, is headed by co
These three treatises, as well as a collection of concise sayings, were soon in dex Ambrosianus B 119 sup. (139) (A), a parchment manuscript consisting of 347
corporated into the main body of the work, as can be seen in the codex Vin folios, mostly quaternions, 29.5 x 22.5 em, with 31 lines to a page.3 The Taktika
dobonensis phil. graecus 275 (W), resulting in the following order for the fi of Leo begins on folio 189. The manuscript has been dated to early in the second
nal sections: Constitution XIV, The Day of Battle; XV, Siege Warfare; XVI, The half of the tenth century.4 The text, however, is not the same as that found in M
Day after Battle; XVII, Surprise Attacks; XVIII, Customs of Different Nations; and W, but is a paraphrase, with words often transposed. One cannot therefore
XIX, Naval Warfare; XX, Concise Sayings; Epilogue. This is the plan, perhaps speak of common or unique errors in A with any precision. While it cannot be
the original plan, given in the prologue (lin. 103-19). One should also note that, ignored, it is, for the most part, not very helpful in reconstituting the original
in the manuscripts, Constitutions III and IV are in reverse order. text; on occasion, when M is faulty or lacking, A provides the correct reading.
In addition to the above changes in the order of the chapters, W made a few A glance at the apparatus of this edition, however, makes it obvious that A has
other changes, mostly minor ones, indicated below. It is, in essence, an expand-
3. A. Martini and D. Bassi, Catalogus codicum graecorum Bibliothecae Ambrosianae
1. A. M. Bandini, Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum graecorum Bibliothecae Lauren (Milan, 1906), 1:157-60. See now B. Leoni, La Parafrasi Ambrosiana della Strategicon di Mau
tianae (Florence, 1768), 1:218-38; Dain, "Strategistes," 382-85, with bibliography; also his rizio: l'arte della guerra a Bisanzio (Milan, 2003).
Histoire, 183-85. 4· C. Mazzuchi, "Dagli anni di Basilio Parakimomenos (Cod. Ambros. B 119 sup.),"
2. P. Schreiner, Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, 3 vols. (Vienna, 1975), 1:641-49. Aevum 52 (1978): 267-318.
xii Introduction Introduction xiii
much more in common with the third manuscript family than with the first, al ! :o11stitution IV, as found in codex Monacensis graecus 244, were printed in
though it is difficult to be more exact about their relationship. Whether it is a in 1552. The entire work, as found in three secondary manuscripts, was
paraphrase based directly on M or on a common ancestor, or on perhaps a sib !ll'Nl published by Joannes Meurs (Leyden, 1612). After some mistakes were cor
ling, is not clear. and the text compared with M, it was again published by J. Lami (Flor-
The third family includes the largest number of manuscripts, but only three 1745). This edition, in turn, was incorporated by J.-P. Migne into his Pa
are relevant to our study of the text. Codex Vaticanus graecus 1164 (V) is a lrulogia graeca, vol. 107, cols. 672-1094 (= PG). Finally, a critical edition of
parchment manuscript, 23 x 31 em, with 33 lines to a page, composed of quater prologue and Constitutions I-XIV (to line 228) was published by Vari (see
n, At the top of each page are printed the sources utilized by the author, and
nions, and written in a careful, regular minuscule. Only 281 of its original 392
folios remain. Consisting of ancient and medieval military treatises, its copy of Itt the bottom the paraphrase of Nikephoros Ouranos under the title recensio
the Taktika begins only at the end of Constitution V. This manuscript is very ~:onstr:mtiniana. He also published Constitution XVIII, together with a Hungar-
translation.8
closely related to Parisinus graecus 2442 (P) and Neapolitanus graecus 284 (N).
All three were produced in the same scriptorium, that ofEphrem, in Constanti lt is clear that any scholarly edition of the Taktika must be based on M,
nople, at about the same time, probably around 1020.5 with what is found in W. And such is the rationale of the present edition.
although a paraphrase, sometimes provides the correct reading or helps to
P and the codex Barberinianus graecus II 97 (276) (B) originally formed one
manuscript, but the separation was poorly done and several quaternions were clarify the terminology of M. It has therefore been included in the apparatus.
mixed up in both.6 It is written in a careful minuscule, "Perlschrift," on parch the same reasons, the readings of V B E, although of less help, have also
ment, 125 folios in P and 240 in B, quaternions, 34 x 26 em, with 36 lines to a included. We have indicated the folio numbers of M in the margin and,
page. It was produced perhaps a bit later than V. The Tactical Constitutions of where that is missing, those of W or A. In general, we have retained its arrange
ment of paragraphs and its orthography, including some inconsistencies, such
Leo begin in B at folio 130.
The third manuscript from the same scriptorium, also divided in two, is ns nicppo<; +-> Tpacpo<;. There are some exceptions, such as the sequence of the
formed by Nand the codex Scorialensis graecus Y-III-11 (E). It is a parchment hooks, noted above, and the spelling of some words. For example, instead of
manuscript, consisting of quaternions, 22.5 x 14 em, with 38 lines to a page. In l\OUTou~£pvtv of MW, we have preferred KOVTOu~£pvtv (- 10v) of the other man
their present states, N consists of 101 folios that do not include the Taktika, and uscripts (a better reflection of the Latin original contubernium), and TouA.oov
E of 308, with the Taktika beginning on folio 160. The derivation of this manu rather than the incorrect ToA.oov of MW. There are very few other changes and
the reasons for them should be clear from the apparatus.
script has been disputed, but there are reasons to think that N E was copied
from V.
TRANSLATION
Other manuscripts containing complete or partial texts of the Taktika
continued to be produced through the sixteenth century-Vari counted 88 of Byzantine military writers, just like their modern counterparts, made no ef
them? They are, however, of no use in reconstituting the original text. l(:lft to write in an imaginative or sophisticated manner. In fact, they explicitly
The Taktika has been wholly or partially edited before this. A few pages of tell us that they have made no pretense of fine writing, of producing liter
ary masterpieces. Leo's Taktika is no exception (cf. Epilogue, 70). Intended for
5· J. Irigoin, "Pour une etude des centres de copies byzantins," Scriptorium 12 (1958): 208- practical use, it is written in a straightforward and generally uncomplicated
27; 13 (1959): 177-209. Greek. We have tried to render this in the same kind of English. A very literal,
6. Ibid. See also H. A. Omont, Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits grecs de Ia Biblio
theque nationale et des autres bibliotheques de Paris et des Departements, vol. 2, Ancien fonds
grec: Droit, histoire, sciences (Paris, 1888), 262. 8. "Boles Leo Hadi Taktikajanak XVIII Fejezete" in A Magyar Honfoglalds Kutfoi, edited
by G. Pauler and S. Szilagyi (Budapest, 1900) (= Va,Hung.).
7. R. Vari, Leonis imperatoris Tactica, 2 vols. (Budapest, 1917-1922) (= Va), 1:xv-xxix.
xiv Introduction
word-for-word translation may have some advantages, but it would not be read
able. Sometimes, therefore, we have altered sentence structure, omitted several
Greek particles (yap, f.lEV, 8£), and added a few words in < >, all in an effort to
make the text easier to read and to understand. We believe that the present trans
lation, while not perfect, is nonetheless an accurate, idiomatic rendition of the
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Words that have no exact equivalent in English would be awkward if trans
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pentarch, dekarch, merarch. This has special relevance to the names given to
1\tJbreviation Texts
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plural of meros: "divisions" seems preferable to mere or meroses. In the manu Edited by H. Kochly and W. Riistow. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1855. voL2, pt.1.
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SIGLA
M Codex Mediceo-Laurentianus graecus 55, 4.
W Codex Vindobonensis phil. graecus 275.
A Codex Ambrosianus B 119 sup. (139).
V Codex Vaticanus graecus 1164.
B Codex Barberinianus graecus II 97 (276).
E Codex Scorialensis graecus Y-III-11.
Dain Naumachica, edited by A. Dain (Paris, 1943).
Onas. Strategikos, in Aeneas Tacticus, Onasander, Asclepiodotus,
edited and translated by the Illinois Greek Club
(Cambridge, MA, 1928), 341-527.
Strat. Das Strategikon des Maurikios, edited by G. Dennis with
Germ. translation by E. Gamillscheg (Vienna, 1981).
Va R. Vari, Leonis imp. Tactica, 2 vols. (Budapest 1917-22).
Va,Hung. R. Vari, "Boles Leo Hadi Taktikajanak XVIII Fejezete,"
In A Magyar Honfoglalas Kutfoi, edited by G. Pauler
and S. Szilagyi (Budapest, 1900). (= Const. XVIII; see
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PG Patrologiae cursus completus, Series graeca, edited by J.-P.
Migne, 161 vols. (Paris, 1857-66), 107:672-1094.
De G. Dennis.
Du J. Duffy.
< > suppleta ab editore.
ci. coniecit.
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