The Taiji Government and the Rise of the Warrior State. The Formation of the Qing Imperial Constitution

567 Pages·2022·4.991 MB·English

by  Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene

The Taiji Government and the Rise of the Warrior State
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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Inner Asia Book Series
Edited by
David Sneath
Caroline Humphrey
Uradyn E. Bulag
volume 14
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ias
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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The Taiji Government and
the Rise of the Warrior State
The Formation of the Qing Imperial Constitution
By
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene
LEIDEN | BOSTON
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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Cover illustration: Prince Khangdadorji (Mijiddorjiin Khanddorji) (1870–1915). National Central Archive of
Mongolia.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov
lc record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2021047211
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
isbn 978-90-04-46169-7 (hardback)
isbn 978-90-04-46887-0 (e-book)
Copyright 2022 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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In loving memory of my parents,
Lamajab Tümen-Öljei and Yondan Lhamsürüng
∵
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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Contents
Acknowledgments xi
List of Maps and Figures xiii
Abbreviations xiv
Note on Transcription and Translation xviii
Introduction 1
1 The Qing Inner Asian Political Order 19
1 The Qing Constitution: The Triumph of the
Bureaucratic-Colonial Model 19
2 The Qing Tributary System: Suzerain–Vassal State Relations 35
3 The Manchu Colonialism: Chinese Defensive Empire into Chinese
Conquest Empire 40
4 Manchu’s Mongolian Social Revolution 50
5 The Chinggisid Taiji Government and Mongolia and the Qing 62
2 Alliance to Coalition 76
1 Pre-1636 Manchu-Mongolian Relations: Alliance to Tutelage? 76
2 Manchu-Mongolian Princely Treaties: Defensive Alliances 79
3 Manchu-Khorchin Engagement and Manchu Dependence
on Khorchin 90
4 The Creation of External Mongolia and the Formation of a
Multilateral Coalition 101
5 The Coalition, Assembly, Codes, and Leadership 113
3 The Manchu Conquest: Winner Takes All 122
1 Shifting Borders: Qurban Tsönggereg to Shariljitai
to Shonkhor 122
2 Changing Stories: Ligdan’s Flight or Hong Taiji’s Defeat? 127
3 The Demise of the Mongolian Great State and the Rise of the
Daiching State 137
4 Ligdan: From Lawful Great Khan to Quixotic
Delusional Dreamer 146
5 Charisma: The Very Essence of Inner Asian Politics 150
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viii Contents
4 From the Taishi Government to the Taiji Government 160
1 The Mongol Empire and the Northern Yuan Dynasty 160
2 The Taishi Government and Its Demise 164
3 Dayan Khanid Reign: The Rise of the Taiji Government 169
4 The Taiji Government Structure: A Federal
Constitutional Monarchy 181
5 The Taiji Government: A Parliamentary Aristocracy 199
1 The Seven Khoshuus or the Khalkha Tümen 199
2 An Aristocratic Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy 203
3 The Chuulgan: An Aristocratic Parliament 204
4 The Jasag: An Appointed Central Government 207
5 The Khoshuu: Autonomous Lordship and Government Unit 219
6 The Northern Yuan: An Inner Asian Parallel to the Holy
Roman Empire 230
6 The Rise and Fall of the Jaisang Government 235
1 The Destruction of the Great State: Contrary-to-Government
Deeds 235
2 The Abolishment of Taiji Government: Ligdan’s Reform and
Princely Revolts 243
3 The Dissolution of Tümen-Khanates 250
4 The Saghang Saga: A Coup and the Demise of the Mongol
Empire 261
5 The Proclamation of the Daiching Ulus: A United
Manchu-Mongolian State 276
7 Aimag and Pre-modern Mongolia in Modern
Euro-Sinocentric Vision 292
1 Bichurin’s Foresight: Aimag from Principalities to Tribes to
Secondary Tribes 292
2 Aimag and Mongolia in Modern Euro-Sinocentric Vision 298
3 Archeology of Aimag or External Aimag 304
4 The External Aimags: Mongolian Principalities 315
5 The Internal Aimags: Manchu Principalities 325
8 The Daiching Ulus and Mongolia: An Inner Asian Aristocratic
Federation 335
1 Conferral Letter: Covenant as Investiture 335
2 Covenant, Pillars, and Co-rulers: One Accord, Mutual Reliance, and
Tüshiyetü Khan 356
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Contents ix
3 The Daiching Ulus: An Inner Asian Aristocratic Federation 365
4 The Daiching Gurun as Pax Manjurica and Pax Mongolica 375
9 The Mongolian World Order and the Daiching Ulus 381
1 The Chakravartin Monarchy and the Great State of Five Colors and
Four Aliens 381
2 The Altanid Redefinition: The Dyarchy of Aristocracy
and Theocracy 396
3 For the Sake of the Government and the Faith: Seeking the
Qubilaid Legitimacy 402
4 Claiming ’Phags-pa’s Seat 408
10 The Rivalry of the Daiching Ulus and the Döchin and Dörben 416
1 The Rise of the Döchin and Dörben 416
2 The Daiching Ulus and the Döchin and Dörben Hostility 420
3 The Qing and the Khalkha Treaty 433
4 Turmoil in the Döchin and Dörben: Structural Problems within
the Regime 435
5 The Khüren Belchir Assembly and Zanabazar’s Justice 447
6 The Failure at the Khüren Belchir Assembly 452
7 The Destruction of the Döchin and Dörben 457
11 The Empire of the Two Norms 466
1 The Dalai Lama and the Making of the Manjushri
Chakravartin Khan 466
2 The Taiji Government: Mutual Reliance and the Guest State 473
3 The Manjushri Chakravartin Monarch: The Patron and the
Protector of the Faith 485
4 Surpassing Qubilai: Consolidation of the Government of the
Two Norms 499
Conclusion 525
References 531
Index 543
Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
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Lhamsuren Munkh-Erdene - 978-90-04-46887-0
Heruntergeladen von Brill.com12/28/2021 11:13:25AM
via Universitat Leipzig