The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian

347 Pages·2019·1.579 MB·English

by  Jan Terje Faarlund

The Syntax of Mainland Scandinavian

The Syntax of Mainland
Scandinavian
JAN TERJE FAARLUND
1
3
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Contents
Prtfacr
Examples 1111J glo<i/11g co,rw,111/ons
Abbreviations ofg rn1t1ma1ic,tl 111orphe.mes
1 Introduction
1 . , The Samdin.--ian language<
1.2 Source. and moltrial 2
1.3 Theorellcal bockground and descri;pllve fo1mcwork )
2 Nomin:tls 7
2.1 The noun phrase 7
2.1.1 The noun 8
2.1.2 Complcmc.ncs 8
2.1.3 Adjuncts 12
2.1.4 InO ectlon 13
2.2 ModiJim l4
2.2.1 Adjective,; 14
2.2.2 Quantlficn 17
2.3 The detennlner phro,e 20
2.3.1 The definite ortide 20
1.3.2 Demon5tr.ltlves 27
1..3.3 [1\trrrogativc JO
1.3.4 Posscssi,·c JI
2.3.4.1 Possessive detenniner JI
2.3.4,2 ~illlve phrise 34
2.3.4.J Possessor doubling construction 34
1.3.44 Preposilional phrusc lS
2. •1 . .4 ,S Preproptlal genill\'e 36
2.3.4.0 Kinship nouns .16
2.3.4.7 ln1orrogativc (l<)s<scssor 37
2.3.4.8 Distributive posscssiv,, 38
2.4 ProaowtS 39
2.4.1 Personal pronouns 39
2.,1,1. 1 Forms and use 39
2,4.1.2 Uses or the neuter singular 41
2..4.1.3 The rc.flcxive pronoun 4J
,,; Contents
2.4.2 Interrogative pronouns 45
2.4.3 Indefinite pronouns 45
2.4-4 Pronominal phrases 46
2.5 Relative clauses 47
2.5,1 Restrictive relative clauses 47
2.5.2 Non-restrictive relative clauses 49
1.5.3 Infinitival relatives 50
2.6 Predeterminers 51
2.6.1 Universal quantifiers 5 L
1.6.2 Focusing clements 52
2.6.3 Demonstratives 53
2.7 Further reading S3
3 The adjective phrase 55
3.1 The adjective 56
3.2 Complements 57
3.2.1 Nominals 57
3.2.2 Prepositional phrases ;8
3.1.3 Infinitival relatives ;9
3.2.4 Verbal present participles 6o
3.3 Degree 61
3.4 Further reading 67
4 The prepositional phrase 69
4.1 The preposition 70
4.1 Complements 72
4.3 Modifiers 76
4.4 Further reading 78
5 The verb phrase 79
5.1 The verb 79
5.2 Argume.i11 structure 81
5.2.1 Transitiv;ty 82
5.1.2 External argument 82
5.2.3 Ergativity 83
5.2-4 '!be reflexive form 85
5.3 Awciliarics and complex verb forms 88
5.3.1 Modal auxiliaries 88
5.3.2 Future reference 94
5.3.3 The perfect 96
Cont.en ts vii
5.4 Complements of lexical verbs 99
5,4.1 Nominals 99
5.4.2 Clauses 102
5.4.3 Prepositional objects 106
5. 5 Small clauses 109
5.5,1 Infinitive 111
5.5.1.1 Verbs of perception 111
5.5,1.2 Verbs of cognition 113
5.5.1.3 The verb of ordering and request 113
5.5. 1-4 The verb of permission t 14
5.5.2 Predicate complements 115
5.5.2.1 Subject-oriented predicate complements 115
5.5.2.2 Object-oriented predic:ate complements 126
5.5.3 Adverbial complements 130
5.5.3. 1 With a copula verb 130
5.5.3.2 With unaccusalive and intransitive verbs 132
5.5.3.3 With transitive verbs 134
5.5.3.4 Particles 137
5. 6 Indfrect object 139
5.6.1 Structure 140
5.6.2 Tn,es of verbs 141
5.6.3 Syntactic properties 142
5.6.4 External possessor 143
5.7 Fre.e adjuncts 144
5.7.1 Predicate adjuncts 144
5.7.2 Adverbial adjuncts 147
5.7.2.1 Prepositional phrases 147
5.7.2.2 Nominals 150
5.7.2.3 Clauses 150
5.7.2.4 Adjective phrases 151
5.7.2.5 Adverbs 152
5-7-2.6 Double adverbials 153
5. 8 Further reading 154
6 The finite clause 155
6.1 The finite verb 155
6.2 The subject 156
6.2.1 Form 156
6.2.1. 1 Nominal subject 157
6.2.1.2 Clausal subject 160
6.2.1.3 Prepositional and adverbial phrases 163
6.2.2 Raising to subject 164
vii.i Contents
6.2.3 Non-referential subjects 166
6.2.3.1 Expletive 167
6.2.3.2 Quasi-argument 168
6.2.3.3 Special constructions 171
6.2-4 Locative subjects 171
6.3 The passive 172
6.3.1 Passive morphology 172
6.3.2 The derivation of the passive 176
6. 3. 3 The passive subject 179
6.3.3.1 Complement of transitive verb 179
6.3.3.2 Prepositional complements 180
6.3.3.3 Indirect objects 181
6.3.3.4 Raising from non-finite clauses 182
6.3.3.5 Expletive 184
6.3-4 The fa passive 186
6.4 Sentence adverbials 187
6-4.1 Form 188
6-4-2 Meaning and function 190
6-4-2.1 Modal adverbials 190
6-4.2.2 Contextual adverbials 191
6-4.2.3 Adverbials expressing empathy 192
6-4.2.4 Epistemic adverbials 193
6-4.2. 5 Focus adverbials 193
6-4-2.6 Negation 193
6-4-3 The position of the sentence adverbial 194
6.4-4 The relative order of sentence adverbials 198
6. 5 Object shift 199
6.5.1 Pronouns 199
6.5.2 Negated objects 203
6.6 Floating quantifiers and 'self' 206
6.7 Further reading 207
7 The independent sentence 209
7.1 Verb movement to C 209
7.2 Topicalization 210
7.2.1 Subject 211
7.2.2 Object 212
7.2.3 Predicate complements and adjuncts 214
7.2.4 Adverbial complements 215
7.2.5 Adverbial adjuncts 216
7.2.6 Sentence adverbials 217
Contents ix
7.2.7 Verb phrases 218
7.2.8 Topicalization from DP 220
7.2.9 Topic doubling 221
7.2.10 Null topic 225
7.3 Interrogative sentences 226
7.3.1 Sentence questions 226
7.3.2 Phrasal questions 228
7-4 Imperative sentences 233
7.5 Further reading 236
8 Subordinate clauses 237
8.1 Internal structure 237
8.2 Nominal clauses 238
8.2.1 Declarative clauses 239
8.2.2 Interrogative clauses 242
8.2.2.1 Sentence questions 242
8.2.2.2 Phrasal questions 242
8.2.3 Infinitival clauses 244
8.2.3.1 The subject 244
8.2.3.2 The infinitive marker 248
8.3 Relative clauses 251
8.3.1 Nominal relatives 252
8.3.1.1 Introduced by a complementizer 252
8.3.1.2 Introduced by a pronoun 254
8.3.2 Adverbial relatives 258
8.3.2.1 Locative clauses 258
8.3.2.2 Temporal clauses 259
8.3.3 Generalizing clauses 262
8.3-4 Cleft sentences 263
8.3.5 Comparative clauses 265
8.3.5.1 Introduced by som 268
8.3.5.2 Introduced by 'than' 269
8.3.5.3 Correlative clauses 270
8.3.6 Infinitival relatives 271
8.4 Adverbial adjunct clauses 272
8-4.1 Causal clauses 273
8-4.2 Final and consecutive clauses 273
8-4.3 Concessive clauses 274
8-4.4 Conditional clauses 275
8.5 Extraction from suborrunate clauses 277
8.5.1 Syntactic 'islands' 278