The Surveying Handbook

1284 Pages·1987·38.161 MB·English

by  Russell C. Brinker (auth.), Russell C. Brinker P.E., Roy Minnick L.S., R.L.S. (eds.)

METRIC CONVERSION
1 millimeter (mm) = 1000 rnicrometers (fLm) or microns (fL)
1 centimeter (crn) = IOrnm
1 meter (m) ~ 100 cm
*1 rn = 3.2808 ft = *39.37 in. (U.S. survey foot)
1 kilometer (km) ~ 1000 rn
Ikm - 0.62137 miles
*1 inch (in.) --::' 25.400 rnm}
* 1 foot (ft) =304.80 mm U.S. standard foot
1 sq. mm (rnm2) = 0.00155 in.2
1 m2 = 10.76 ft2
1 km2 = 247.1 acres
1 hectare =2.471 acres
1 m3 =35.3 ft3
1 liter =0.264 U.S. gal
1 gram (g) =0.0350z
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.20 Ib
1 ton = 907 kg -2.00 kips
1 rn/sec = 3.28 ft/sec
1 krn/hr = 0.911 ftJsec 0.621 mph
1 kg/rn3 = 0.0624 Ibjft 3
1 ton/rn3 = 0.0328 Ibjin.3
* Denotes exact value. All others correct to figures shown.
SOME IMPORTANT NUMBERS IN SURVEYING
=
0.000 000 1 (or 2) coefficient of expansion, Invar tape, per I' F
0.000004 848 =sin I" tan I"
0.00000645 = coefficient of expansion, steel tape, per l' F .
0.00029089 = approx. sin I' tan l' (0.000 29 or 0.000 3 convenient)
0.017 452 41 sin
{ = approx. sin I' tan l' about 0.01·% . radians in 1
0.017 455 06 tan
0.574 = coefficient of combined curvature and rcfraction (ft! milcs2)
0.6745 = coefficient for 50 ~~ standard deviation (i.e., probable error)
*1 in. = 0.0254 m (U.S. standard foot, 1959)
* 1 ft = 0.3048 m (U.S. standard foot, 1959)
* Denotes exact value. All others correct to figvres shown.
1.15 miles :;:;;; 1 minute (1 ') of latitude :;:;;; 1 nautieal mile
1.6449 = eoeffieient for 90 % standard deviation
3.141 592654 =1T
*6 miles = length, width, of normal township
*10 sq. ehains (eh2) = (Gunter's) 1 acre
* 15° longitude = width of one time zone = 360°/24 hr
15°P ehanges length of 100-ft steel tape by 0.01 ft
*16Y2 ft = 1 rod = 1 pole = 1 pereh = 14 eh (Gunter's)
*20°C = standard temperature (Celsius) in taping = 68°P
23°261/2' = maximum declination of sun at solstiees
23h56m04.091 ' = length of sidereal day in mean solar time, and 3m55.909'
solar time short ofmean solar day; also 3m56.555' sidereal
time short of mean solar day
*24 hr = 3600 of longitude
*25.4 mm = 1 in. (U.S. standard foot of 1959)
*36 = number of seetions in normal township
*50 = Beaman are reading for 0° vertical angle (30 in old ares)
57°17'44.8" = 1 radian (rad) = 57.295 779 510
*66 ft = length of Gunter's ehain = 100 links (lk)
69.1 miles :;:;;; 1° latitude
*80 eh = (Gunter's) 1 mile
100 = usual stadia ratio
101 ft :;:;;; 1 seeond (1 ") of latitude
300 :;:;;; stadia ratio in some preeise levels
333 Y3 :;:;;; stadia ratio in so me preeise levels, for yard rods
*400 grads = 3600
*480 eh == width and length of normal township
4901b/ft3 = density of steel for tape eomputations
*640 acres = one normal seetion of 1 mHe2
6076.10 ft = 1 nautieal mile
*3600/3937 = ratio U.S. yd/m for old legal (1866) and surveyor's foot
4,046.9 m2 = 1 acre
*6400 mils = 3600
5,729.577 951 ft = radius of 1° eurve, are definition
5,729.650686 ft = radius of 10 eurv~, ehord definition
10,000 km = distanee from equator to pole (basis for length of meter)
*43,560 ft2 = 1 acre
206,264.806 25 sec = 1 radian = eot 1 sec = 1800/1T in sec
299,792.5 km/sec = speed of light, and other eleetromagnetic waves, in vaeuum
1,650,763.73 = wave lengths of krypton gas in vaeuum, 1960 meter length
6,356,583.8 m = earth's polar semi-axis (Clarke ellipsoid 1866)
6,378,206.4 m = earth's equatorial semi-axis (Clarke ellipsoid 1866)
20,906,000 ft = mean radius of earth = 3960 miles
29,000,000 Ib/in.2 = Young's modulus of elastieity for steel
* Denotes exaet value. All others correct to figures shown.
The
Surveying
Handbook
Edited by
Russell C. Brinker
Roy Minnick
~ SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Material on the endpapers reprinted from Elementary Surveying, 7th edition, by Brinker & Wolf, copyrighted
in 1984, by permission from Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Copyright © 1987 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company lnc in 1987
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1987
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 87-8217
ISBN 978-1-4757-1190-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-1188-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1188-2
Ali rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon
may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means--graphic, electronic,
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information
storage and retrieval systems--without written permission of the publisher.
Designed by Editing, Design & Production, lnc.
16 15 14 13 12 Il 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The surveying handbook.
1. Surveying. 1. Brinker, Russell C.
(Russell Charles), 1908- II. Minnick,
Roy.
TA555.S87 1987 526.9 87-8217
ISBN 978-1-4757-1190-5
Contributors
BRO. B. AUSTIN BARRY, F.S.C. KENNETH S. CURTIS, L.S.
Professor of Civil Engineering Professor of Surveying and Mapping
Manhattan College, Bronx, NY Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
RUSSELL C. BRINKER, P.E.
Adjunct Professor of Civil
RICHARD L. ELGIN, Ph.D., L.S.,
Engineering
P.E.
New Mexico State University
Elgin, Knowles & Senne, Inc.,
Las Cruces, NM
Elgin Surveying & Engineering, Inc.,
Rolla, MO
JOHN BRISCOE
Attomey at Law
San Francisco, CA JACK B. EVETT, Ph.D., P.E., L.S.
Associate Dean of Engineering
EARL F. BURKHOLDER, P.L.S., Professor of Civil Engineering
P.E. The University of North Carolina at
Consulting Geodetic Engineer Charlotte
Oregon Institute of Technology Charlotte, NC
Klamath Falls, OR
ROBERT J. FISH, R.L.S.
BOYD L. CARDON, R.L.S.
Phoenix, AZ
Professor of Mathematics
Ricks College, Rexburg, ID
DAVID W. GIBSON, L.S.
FRANK T. CAREY, L.S., R.L.S. Associate Professor
Boundary Officer Civil Engineering Department
Califomia State Lands Comrnission University of Florida
Instructor, Sacramento City College Gainesville, FL
iii
iv Contributors
E. FRANKLIN HART, L.S., P.E. DAVID F. MEZERA, Ph.D.,
Bluefield State College P.L.S., P.E.
Bluefield, WV Associate Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
LARRY D. HOTHEM University of Wisconsin, Madison
National Geodetic Survey Madison, WI
Charting and Geodetic Services
National Ocean Service ROY MINNICK, L.S., R.L.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Sr. Boundary Officer
Administration Califomia State Lands Commis si on
Instructor, Sacramento
ANDREW KELLIE, Ph.D., L.S. City College
Associate Professor of Engineering
Technology
DENNIS J. MOULAND, P.L.S.
Murray State University
U.S.D.A. Forest Service
Murray, KY
Albuquerque, NM
DAVID R. KNOWLES, Ph.D.,
CARLOS NAJERA, L.S., R.L.S.
L.S., P.E.
Boundary Officer
Elgin, Knowles & Senne, Inc.
Califomia State Lands Commission
Professor of Civil Engineering
Instructor, Sacramento City College
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR
CAPTAIN DONALD E. NORTRUP
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
GERALD W. MAHUN
Administration
Assistant Professor of Civil
Norfolk, VA
Engineering
University of Wisconsin, Platteville
JOHN S. PARRISH, L.S.
Platteville, WI
Lecturer
Supervisory Cadastral Surveyor
PORTER W. MCDONNELL, P.E.,
Bureau of Land Management
L.S.
Carson City, NV
Professor of Surveying
Metropolitan State College
Denver, CO JAMES P. REILLY, Ph.D.
Consulting Geodist
JOHN G. MCENTYRE, Ph.D., Odessa, FL
P.E., L.S.
Professor Emeritus WALTER G. ROBILLARD, L.S.,
Land Surveying R.L.S.
Purdue University Attomey at Law
West Lafayette, IN Atlanta, GA
Contributors v
ROBERT J. SCHULTZ, L.S. BRYANT N. STURGESS, L.S.,
Professor of Civil Engineering R.C.E.
Oregon State University Boundary Officer
Corvallis, OR Califomia State Lands Commission
WAYNE VALENTINE, P.E., L.S.
JOSEPH H. SENNE, Ph.D., P.E.
Geometronics Group Leader
Elgin, Knowles & Senne, Inc.
V.S. Forest Service
Professor Emeritus of Civil
Missoula, MT 59807
Engineering
University of Missouri, Rolla
PAVL R. WOLF, Ph.D.
Rolla, MO
Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Vniversity of Wisconsin, Madison
M. LOUIS SHAFER, L.S., R.L.S.
Madison, WI
Sr. Boundary Officer
Califomia State Lands Commission
EDWARD G. ZIMMERMAN, L.S.,
Sacramento, CA
R.L.S.
Boundary Officer
F. HENRY SIPE, L.L.S. #1 Califomia State Lands Commission
Consulting Land Surveyor Surveying Instructor
Elkins, WV Sacramento City College
Preface
THE SURVEYING HANDBOOK has been written to fill the need for a com
prehensive volume on professional surveying. In the past, similar books have
been filled primarily with tables more readily obtained from other sources, while
several of the more recent vers ions concentrate on a single area of the profession
and are published by the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, Amer
ican Society of Photogrammetry, and American Society of Civil Engineers. The
36 chapters in this volume were prepared by 35 Contributors, generally based
on their special fields.
Obviously, even the largest handbook could not cover every phase of sur
veying in complete depth. But sufficient material is given herein to provide
surveyors and others with suitable information outside their specialty field. It
can then be determined whether a full-sized special book on a subject area is
needed. Some surveying equipment sales and repair shops stock a small number
oftextbooks. Customers have asked "Why can't I getjust one volume to refresh
and guide me instead of having to buy half a dozen books?" It is hoped this
volume will eliminate that problem.
Based on advance publication interest, surveyors, civil, agricultural and
other engineers, foresters, architects, archeologists, geologists, small horne builders,
realtors, tide companies, and lawyers will find useful information in THE SUR
VEYING HANDBOOK.
Abundant figures and tables are included in this volume. References to
textbooks, technical journals, and magazines will help readers find additional
sources of specific information desired. Profuse footnotes have been used only
in Chapter 31, The Role of the Surveyor in Land Litigation: Pretrial. At most
chapter ends, superscript numbers refer to the list of References and Notes,
thereby retaining a cleaner appearance and reducing awkward typesetting.
THE SURVEYING HANDBOOK is written in an easy-to-read style that
vii
viii Preface
avoids word repetition and other excess verbiage. A handbtJok is supposed to
be practical and that has been the goal of Contributors and Editors. Many Con
tributors have written their own textbooks or parts thereof, and nearly all are
frequent authors of technical papers.
Contacting Contributors residing in 19 different states by telephone and
letters has been an unexpected challenge for the Editors who have been so heavily
dependent upon the contributors' efforts and cooperation. Their expenditure of
time and funds for the extremely small stipend paid handbook contributors by
publishers is greatly appreciated.
In addition to the typical textbook chapters, special ones on Survey Drafting;
Mining Surveys; Optical Tooling (Industrial Applications); Land Descriptions;
Pre-Trial Preparation; Courtroom Techniques; Survey Business Management;
Surveying Charges, Contracts, Liability; Land Information Systems; and Sur
veying Profession, Registration, Associations, are inc1uded.
This handbook is the result of the labors over the last 5 1/2 years. Although
basic principles of survey measurement remain the same, technology and sources
of information may change. Recently, NGS has published portions of NAD-83,
several states have adopted new state plane coordinate systems, and data storage
and retrieval methods at primary survey information sources have been mod
emized. The surveying profession is not static, but is constantly changing in
response to modem technology.
Russell Brinker & Roy Minnick, Editors