The Superworld II

555 Pages·1990·14.525 MB·English

by  M. T. Grisaru (auth.), Antonino Zichichi (eds.)

The
Superworld II
THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES
Series Editor: ANTONINO ZICHICHI, European Physical Society, Geneva, Switzerland
1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS
3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES
4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS
6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA
8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY
9. 1971 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
10. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
11. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER
12. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE
13. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
14. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS
OF MATTER
15. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
16. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
17. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS
18. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT
19. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
20. 1982 GAUGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiment
21. 1983 HOW FAR ARE WE FROM THE GAUGE FORCES
22. 1984 QUARKS, LEPTONS, AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS
23. 1985 OLD AND NEW FORCES OF NATURE
24. 1986 THE SUPERWORLD I
25. 1987 THE SUPERWORLD II
Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by
Academic Press, New York and London; 9-10, by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-25
by Plenum Press, New York and London.
The
Superworld
I I
Edited by
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
LIbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
International School of Subnuclear Physlcs (25th 1987: Erice.
Ita ly)
The superworld II I edited by Antonino Zichichi.
p. CN. -- (The Subnuclear serles ; 25)
"Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth course of the International
School of Subnuclear Physics on the superworld II. held August 6-14.
1987. In Erice. SIcily. Italy"--T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7469-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-7467-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7467-1
1. String Nodels--Congresses. 2. Particles (Nuclear physlcs)
-Congresses. I. Zichichi. Antonlno. II. Title. III. Title:
Superworld two. IV. Title: Superworld 2. V. Series: Subnuclear
series; v. 25.
CC794.6.S85157 1987
539.7'2--dc20 90-6750
CIP
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Course of the International School
of Subnuclear Physics on The Superworld II,
held August 6-14, 1987, in Erice, Sicily, Italy
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
During A:.lgust 1987. a group of 76 physicists from 51 laboratories in
22 countries met in Erice for the 25th Course of the International School
of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were: Austria. Bulgaria.
Canada. Chile. China. Colombia. Czechoslovakia. France. Federal Republic of
Germany. Greece. Hungary. India. Italy. Lebanon. The Netherlands. Poland.
Portugal. Spain. Sweden. Switzerland. United Kingdom. and the United States
of America.
The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS). the
Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI). the Italian Ministry of
Scientific and Technological Research (MRSI). the Sicilian Regional
Government (ERS). and the Weizmann Institute of Science.
This is the 25th anniversary of the School and. for the second time.
the programme has been mainly devoted to the Superworld. Needless to say
that the Superworld appears to be. at present. very far from the
experimental axis. Nevertheless. the Superworld is a fascinating field of
modern physics: we ought to know what boils in the heads of our theoretical
colleagues. keeping in mind that the source of basic truth is. and will
remain. experimental physics.
Relevant news in experimental physics was scarce in the past year and
the most interesting results have been reported. The future has also been
presented with LEP. Gran Sasso. HERA: projects to become operative by 1000;
and ELOISATRON as the driving force for Europe to keep a central role in
Subnuclear Physics.
I hope the reader will enjoy this book as much as the students enjoycd
attending the lectures and the discussion sessions. which are the most
attractive features of the School. Thanks to the work of the Scientific
Secretaries. the discussions have been reproduced as faithfully as
possible. At various stages of my work I have enjoyed the collaboration of
many friends whose contributions have been extremely important for the
School and are highly appreciated. I thank them most warmly. A final
acknowledgement to all those who. in Erice. Bologna. Rome and Geneva.
helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very much indebted.
Antonino Zichichi
v
CONTENTS
THEORETICAL LECTURES
Sigma-Models and Strings
1':. T. Grisaru 3
Not the Standard Superstring Review
M. J. Duff 35
From Superspaghetti to Superravioli
M. J. Duff 57
The New Loop Space Index Theorems and String Theory
P. Windey 95
Weak Hamiltonian Amplitudes on the Lattice
G. Martinelli 133
String Field Theory
T. Kugo 165
Construction of String and Superstrings in Arbitrary
Space-Time Dimensions
C. Kounnas 207
Super gravity Aspects of Superstrings in Four-Dimensions
S. Ferrara 249
REVIEW LECTURES
Light-Quark Spectroscopy from Charmonium Decay
C. A. Heusch 265
Quantum Cosmology and Superstrings
D. V. Nanopoulos 303
THE NEW PHYSICS IN EUROPE
Physics at LEP and the L3 Experiment
H. Newman 335
GRAN SASSO Physics
I. A. Pless 379
HERA
V. Soergel 403
vii
The Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox: Might Nature be more
Imaginative than Us?
O. Piccioni 419
The ELOISATRON Project
A. Zichichi 443
THE GLORIOUS DAYS OF PHYSICS
A Commemorative Lecture Series in Honour of Professor Martin
Deutsch and Professor Herman Feshbach of MIT. USA
C. S. Wu 503
The Discovery of Positronium
M. Deutsch 517
Fifty Years of Nuclear Physics
H. Feshbach 525
CLOSING LECTURE
The Great LEP Forward
S. L. Glashow 539
CLOSING CEREMONY
Prizes and Scholarships 551
Participants 553
Index 557
viii
THEORETICAL LECTURES
SIGMA-MODELS AND STRINGS
M.T. Grisaru
Physics Department
Brandeis University
Waltham, MA 02254, USA
INTRODUCTION
The modern covariant approach to string theory is based on the Polyakov
ansatz: The dual model scattering amplitude is given by an expression
L j[d,,,,,][dXm] exp[~ f d(dr...n,,,v8,,Xm8vxm]
topologiea
(1)
where J[d,,,,,][dxm] represents functional integration over all possible embed dings
of the two-dimensional world-sheet with coordinates ((, r) into D-dimensional
xm,
space-time with coordinates and over all possible (gauge-inequivalent) met
rics on the world-sheet, and the sum is over all topologies of the world-sheet. The
V's are vertex functions V(ki,Si) = f d(;driV(ki,Si,Xi) for emission of particle
species Si with momentum ki [1].
The above expression can be interpreted as the computation of correlation func
tions (Green's functions) of composite operators V(-.· ,X) in a two-dimensional
field theory described by the action
S = ~ j d(drfi,""8wXm8vxm (2)
wi th scalar fields xm ( (, r) and a nondynamical (gauge-)field '''v. Many of the
remarkable features of the string follow from the fact that after gauging away the
metric, '''v ---> TJ"" this is a free field theory and, more importantly, that it is a
conformally invariant field theory.
The action is invariant under general coordinate transformations (fT" = (, T)
OfT" ~"(fT)
0,,,,, = -e8p,,,,, - 8"e,pv - 8ve,,,p
-(V' ,,~v + V' "'~,,) (3)
The Superwor/d II 3
Edited b\ A. Zichichi
Plenum Press, New York, 1990
('\7 = covariant derivative), while the xm(O") transform as world scalars. The
action is also invariant under Weyl rescaling
(4)
There exists an old theorem which asserts that a theory invariant under gen
eral coordinate transformations and Weyl transformations, when restricted to flat
space b_ = 11,.,,) will be invariant under the transformations of the conformal
group (Poincare transformations, dilatations, and conformal boosts). The matter
energy-momentum tensor, defined by
is conserved a~d traceless:
8,.T"" = T,." = 0 (6)
The tracelessness is a consequence of the conservation of the dilatation current
6.,. = O""T,.".
In light-cone coordinates 0"± = 7" ± ( we have, under general coordinate trans
formations,
(7)
In general, any two-dimensional metric can be written as
,,.,, = '\7 ,.v" + '\7 "v,. + T,." (8)
where 7,." = 0 for a surface with trivial topology and otherwise corresponds to a
Teichmuller deformation. On a zero genus surface, which is all we consider here,
we can therefore gauge to zero '++,,_ _ . We define this as conformal gauge. We
take F++ = ,++, F __ = , __ as gauge-fixing functions. (The remaining component
,+_ = e"'11+- could also be gauged to 11+- by Weyl rescalings but we don't do that
because a) the transformation in general has anomalies and b) in any event it does
not lead to any new Faddeev-Popov ghosts.) The gauge varia.tion of the gauge
fixing functions is 6F±± = '\7 ±~± and this leads to a Faddeev-Popov action which,
together with the Polyakov action in conformal gauge give the total quantum
action
(9)
with ghosts c± and antighosts b±±.
It is convenient to rewrite the action so that it makes sense for any metric.
One way to interpret this is to imagine that one has done a background-quantum
splitting of the world-sheet metric ,,.,, -+ ,,.,, + h,." and gauge-fixed the quantum
part h,." only, maintaining the background reparametrization invariance. The
action is then
v-r,""
S = ~J d2 0" [8,.Xm8"xm + cP'\7 ,.b .... pJ (10)
4