The study of psychophysiological and personality characteristics psychologist

718 Pages·2014·14.12 MB·English

American Journal of Scientific and Educational
American Journal of Scientific and Educational
FuAmnedriacamn Jeonurtnaall oaRRfneeSssdceeiaae rAnrccthihpficp alnide dEd Suctautidoniael s in
Research
America, Europe, Asia and Africa
No.1. (4), January-June, 2014
No.1. (4), January-June, 2014
Te 2nd International Academic Congress
No.1. (4), January-June, 2014
VOLUME II
VOLUME II
VOLUME II
(USA, New York, 27 September 2014)
PAPERS AND COMMENTARIES
“Columbia Press”
“Columbia Press”
“CoNluemwb Yiao Prkress”
New York
New20 Y14ork
2014
2014
VOLUME II

“Columbia Press”
New York
2014
Proceedings of the 2nd International Academic Congress “Fundamental and
Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa” (USA, New York,
27 September 2014). Volume II. “Columbia Press”. New York, 2014. - 716 p.
Proceedings of the Conference are located in the Databases Scopus.
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 2.178
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 2.487
Editor-in-Chief : Prof. Henry Simmons, D. I. T. (USA)
Publication Director: Prof. John Williams, D. Litt. (USA)
Technical Editors: Margaret Gray, Lucy Wong (Canada)

ORGANIZATION BOARD OF THE CONGRESS:
Chairman: Prof. Henry Simmons, D. I. T. (USA)
Secretaries: Prof. Elizabeth Moore, D. Tech. (USA)
Prof. Margaret Harman, D. E. Sc. (UK)
Members of the Board:
Prof. Norman Green, D. S. Sc. (UK)
Prof. Robert Barclay, D. C. S. (UK)
Prof. Harry Viddal, D. C. S. (USA)
Prof. Dominic Stiles, D. P. E. (Canada)
Prof. Lane Hewitt, D. M. Sc. (Australia)
Prof. Charles West, D. I. T. (UK)
Prof. Elizabeth Moore, D. Tech. (USA)
Prof. Emma Allen, Ed.D. (Australia)
Prof. Denis Cumming, Ed.D. (UK)
Prof. Leslie Bragg, Psy. D. (Canada)
Prof. Paul Bryant, Psy. D. (UK)
Prof. Linda Graves, Psy. D. (USA)
Prof. Ronald Hall, D. G. S. (USA)
Prof. Daniel Smith, D.F. (Canada)
Prof. Sienna Paige, D. B. A. (USA)
Prof. Harry Read, D. B. A. (UK)
© “Columbia Press”, 2014
© Columbia University, 2014
ISBN 978-0-231-16924-7
Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa 3
Contents
Section 1. Biology, Medicine, Chemistry
Sah nmuag m Somasundaram, Sriuk mar ahC rk aav rtih , Ammu aR dah rk isnh an, rP emdass aR mdas,
aN ag raaj aH leagraah ra and aM nag la uK mari
Terapeutic Efect of Curcumin Supplementation in the Modulation of NF-κB Responsive
Genes in a Collagen-induced Arthritis Rat Model ............................................................................................................ 7
Alexander zoI simo,v lO e g eP tino,v og I r Bereiz n, Artem zoI simo v
Automated electronic system of diagnostics and non-surgical treatment of intestinal invagination in children
on the basis of volume-manometric tests .......................................................................................................................... 22
Alena rP ioh dok` , .I.L iN ik tina,
Te laws of formation of adaptive complex of ciliates from natural and anthropogenic communities .......................... 28
lO e g Dormesikh n, Andrei aH urly iu k
Features of chemical transformations in the multicomponent urea containing systems in complex
fertilizers manufacture ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
A . V.uhZ ok ,v .I.L iN ik tina, iM ahk il rT iub n
Tsiliofauna as an indicator of discharges of untreated domestic sewage .......................................................................... 40
Daniela eT nea and eM lanie Louw
Trichoepithelioma Multiplex: A Study of the Relationship between the Anatomical Location
and the Histopathological Features ................................................................................................................................... 44
rI ina uB ahk rina, eP tr uK mz in, Agjul Sah rifullina
Dynamics of tannin content in the leaves of woody plants in urban plantings................................................................ 59
Laiz za Botiroav
Vegetation of river basin Zaamin....................................................................................................................................... 65
.M . D ahC ndraseag ram, . D . Y ehC n, .C . aP T n, E . .L eN o, . P .M Dolan, . J . W ehC n, .M E . rB ooek S- mit,h
.G ehC etah m, A . uR sikz ewic z and .C S . oW rtlh ey
KRAS Mutation is a Local Tumour Event and Not a Field Change in Pancreatobiliary Tumours .................................. 67
iM ahk il rT iub n, .I.L iN ik tina, A V. uhZ ok v
Linear sizes of a сiliofauna as important indicator of biological production of ecosystems ........................................... 73
Ala� Andreeav , xaO na iN ok laeav
Te efciency of application composition of probiotic for prevention diseases of the digestive
system young growth of agricultural animals ................................................................................................................... 77
. PS . aP stides and . W S . ahK n
Cell-Based Terapies in Musculoskeletal Injuries: Te Evolving Role of Bone Marrow-Derived
Mesenchymal Stem Cells .................................................................................................................................................... 81
S . Sah muhb and .C .M ehC sih re
Oesophageal Carcinoma: An Atypical Presentation – A Case Report.............................................................................. 97
Fu ahC oew i, iL u iJ anix an,g uL an oR ngseh n,g ehC n uK n, aW n g oH niqg an,g iL u iL and uX iB ao
Tea Consumption and Health Benefcences of Green Tea Drinking- A Community-based Cross-sectional
Study in Urban Chinese Men ............................................................................................................................................. 101
Sih iN- iL m, Zaeh eda h aY ay h , Dimp yh Zeeeg rs, i� ah oM e, Ei Ei oyhP ay K ,w Georeg S H eY o,
M rP aak s h aH nde and EneohC- o aT n
Distribution of Telomere Length in the Cord Blood of Chinese Newborns ..................................................................... 112
Section 2. Education
Alexandra Dryuceh nok , aY na oK av lesv ak ay , lO ag ay M uk scikh na, rI ina oV ronok av
Experience of using the system of distance learning for bachelor students’ education (e.g. Moodle system). ................ 123
aV lentina Dolog av
Te study of psychophysiological and personality characteristics psychologist .............................................................. 127
lV adisla v iL senok ,v eV ronica aM rcuh ,k lO ag aK docnh iok av
Analysis of technological approaches in pedagogy ........................................................................................................... 132
uJ lianne aW iiY- n oW n,g Canon oT n g and Antoh n y oW ng
Te Mediating Efects of School Reputation and School Image on the Relationship between Quality
of Teaching Staf and Student Satisfaction in Higher Education in Hong Kong .............................................................. 138
Elizaeb t h Danelay n
Infuence of features of the native language on the system of the Russian language in the speech
of Azerbaijani children ...................................................................................................................................................... 167
Erlan Seiseneb ok ,v Adilab y aT stano,v Assel Seiseneb k
Strategy development of physical education students of educational institutions in the paradigm
of basic conceptual provisions of Physical Culture and Sports. ........................................................................................ 171
ogI r oP povcy h
Social expectations in primary school age ......................................................................................................................... 176
.K Sih av uk mara, Saneg etah R . aM ne, .M aR vindra, aR viak nt h .B Lamani and Asoh k A . aP l
Aggression Behaviour of Delinquent and Non-Delinquent Adolescents ......................................................................... 181
4 Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa
lO ag iN ok laienok , eT tiana sU ah ta
Multimedia presentations application into the educational process ................................................................................ 193
lO ag oP ley viok av
Te specifcs of providing the continuity in native language teaching children based on wordcentrism ....................... 196
lO ag sT arok av
Adaptation of parents to the process of upbringing children with special needs ............................................................ 201
uR slana Susokh
Improvement program of competetive activity ................................................................................................................. 204
aY . V. Seh vtsoav
Inter-hemispheric interaction in ontogeny of children’s higher mental functions and its evaluative
signifcance for intellectual development examination ................................................................................................... 209
Section 3. Social and Humanities Sciences
A . Zaob lotsak ay
Imperative constructions as world-building operators in English poetic texts ............................................................... 214
.G aK dyroav
On the formation public speaking skills when teaching students the basics of rhetoric ................................................. 218
Densy Alesk andro v
Te state-centric interest and power-based modern foreign policy: theoretical aspects ................................................. 223
Dmitri oK lz o v
Discourses of Citizenship in the modern Russian society ................................................................................................ 227
Eueg ne Soh rniok v
Construction of historical memory. .................................................................................................................................. 231
Elena iV ric h
Problem of resistance and fear, hatred and forgiveness, of conscience and of hopelessness
(«Moskalicâ», M. Matios) ................................................................................................................................................... 235
lO ena aK lah noav
Determinants of professional criminality ......................................................................................................................... 241
Elena iM lyugina
Te evolution of ‘initial labyrinth’ concept in the myth creation of XIX—XX centuries ................................................ 245
iV ta Berezenok , nI na Arb amoav , aT nay av I nets
Supporting of innovations in Ukraine ............................................................................................................................... 250
eN lia uhZ lak ncy h
State housing and community services for the rural population of Transcarpathia (1970-1980) ................................... 256
. O Zaob lotsak ay
Types of communicative intentions in literary texts ......................................................................................................... 260
rI ina Zamaraeav
Axiological guidelines of young scientists in Russia ......................................................................................................... 264
aM rcel Lourel, iN colas uG eguen and Alexandre aP scual
Complex Systems: Toughts on the Causes of Nature ...................................................................................................... 269
aN talia iV ric h
Humor in the works of V. Nestayko, as an integral part of the spiritual world personality ............................................. 277
lO ag Soldatenok av
Mystic light in the works of St. Symeon the New Teologian ........................................................................................... 282
R .B. ev K sok , S .B. ev K sok , aY .I. ahC plinsak ay
“Burnout” is result of emotional and psychological burning: philosophical discourse ................................................. 287
Sereg y oK maro,v oR man Zelepuik n
Legal regulation of lobbying in world practice ................................................................................................................. 292
iZ ay Gasimo,v aT tay na aY ts ky
Information terrorism as threat of national and international safety .............................................................................. 306
sT ev ta uL izoav oH- reav
Some Metaphor-Based English Compounds Motivated by Image Schemas in the Language of Tourism ...................... 310
Sah nna .B Lane
Interpretation of games and game elements in national choreography Tuvinians ......................................................... 315
iY c- uh n aP n
Conversation Textbook Assessment: A Critique of Survival English ............................................................................... 320
uY r y eN duokhz
Ukrainian diaspora and the Famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine: the context of the struggle for
Ukraine’s independence ..................................................................................................................................................... 328
Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa 5
Section 4. Agriculture, Economics, Geography
Zaahk roav Alexandra
Distinctive features of the funding of the system of higher education in the Republic of China .................................... 345
lO esk i y Berezosv ,yk aM riay Dorb iansak , yrK ly o oK ply ov
Analysis of the genetic structure of cattle breeds Ukraine for genesassociated with expression of agronomic traits. ... 350
Alexander iM loav no,v Constantine oK ndaok ,v Anastasia Leikv na
Development of the product line as a factor in increasing the production of potatoes ................................................... 356
Amh edahz n aM mato,v aM maahz n aM mato v
Methodological issues of theoretical sphere of creation GDP and its quantitative measure. .......................................... 364
eV ra av I nyu,k rK asnosla v Andropo,v Dmitri y aK cah lov
Signifcance of the theory of portfolio investment ............................................................................................................ 368
eV ra ihC ihz k
Information support of investment decisions in the fnancial market ............................................................................. 371
uG l Erb u Oruh n and Eda Oruh n
Efficiency Analysis of Silage Maize Production in the Province of Canakkale ................................................................ 378
S . E . oK rik n, uG lna z ohK daj eav , Elena eK il
Analysis and monitoring of thermal indicators of soil landscapes in the taiga zone of Western Siberia ........................ 391
Dorota Leszcyzs� ak and Eric k rP ucnh icik
Mathematical Model of the Infuence of Knowledge Transfer on the Location Choice of a Multinational Company ... 399
Boris oN sok , ay V ceh sla v Baynb in, eY ehv niia lH adik ,hk aY roslaav Filimoncuh k
Anthropogenic evolution of chernozem potassium fund ................................................................................................. 411
E . Seh remetey av , .N iM tropolsak ay oR- dionoav
Te concept of marketing analysis of project for recreational services ............................................................................ 417
.I ehC rav noy ,v eY . aV ryov da
Geoecological fundamentals of safety assessment in case of emergencies ...................................................................... 427
ogI r ehC rav noy ,v uJ lia uB rdun
Geoecological analysis of dangerous local geochemical active objects in Donetsk City (Ukraine) by remote sensing .. 434
rI yna rH asch eh nok
Te concept of management of innovation in enterprises ................................................................................................ 439
sI rk a aV sileav
Cruise excursions will become more and more popular among Europeans .................................................................... 444
aT tiana gnI atoav , aK rina eN masakh loav
Assessment of social policy of Russian State in international ratings .............................................................................. 448
Larisa oR dina
Blackmailing economy signals ........................................................................................................................................... 455
aM ix m aM rceh nok
Project management approach in the development of enterprise .................................................................................... 460
.M Santaloav , . Y iN ok lae,�v S . eN cah eav
Innovative projects and the conditions for their implementation .................................................................................... 464
iM ahk il uB ib n, lO esay eM dev deav
Singular spectrum analysis as a method of electronic simulation of geological rhythms ............................................... 474
iV tk or rT el� o,v iM ahk il ahZ lok
On the infuence of negative temperatures on the state of the roadway ........................................................................... 479
.M Sch eh paik n, A . oM lcah n
Conditions and factors of the sustainable development of regional social and economic systems ................................. 484
.M Sch eh paik n, E . aH ndamoav , .G iM ehk ev
To development of rational management model in network retail trade ......................................................................... 488
iR mma aM tev eav , lO ag uB toroav , aN talia rB atiloav , uI liia oK lososv ak ia
Saving valuable genetic diversity of Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) .......................................................... 495
.N oK ndraseh av , A . Alesk androav
Infuence factors of the marketing environment on the activity of the food industry ..................................................... 498
aN talay Soh rniok av
Formation of negative human capital ................................................................................................................................ 502
lO ag aV pnay rsak ay , aN talia lP atonoav , aT tay na rK iov seh eav , Elena oP greob av
Primorsky krai – new tourist destination of Asia-pacifc region ..................................................................................... 505
lO ag aT ik abhz eav , aN talay cy B okh av
Approaches to the classifcation of business games in economics and management ....................................................... 510
Sopih a Seh ohk vtsoav , lO ag Sah talo,�v Elena Leeb deav , oP lina Smh yag leav
Improving research tools options sustainability of regional development of the subjects of the
North Caucasus Federal district ........................................................................................................................................ 513
lO ag Sah talo,�v aN talia eT lnoav , Sopih a Seh ohk vtsoav
Global trends in local markets crop products ................................................................................................................... 525
iV ctor sI aenok , aP ev l sI aenok , Alexe y sI aenok
To the question about the integrity management of vehicles............................................................................................ 528
6 Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa
aR ndall Gentry
Efcacy of Fuzzy c-Means Cluster Analysis of Naturally Occurring Radioisotope Datasets for Improved
Groundwater Resource Management under the Continued Risk of Climate Change ..................................................... 535
Satay ij t ohG s,h oI annis aK llianiotis
Current Account and Exchange Rate Dynamics in Presence of Risk and Economic Shocks ........................................... 532
Svitlana Smereak
Features reforming of housing and communal services in developed countries ............................................................. 568
aT tiana uB sarieav
Conditions and consequences of the shadow economy .................................................................................................. 572
aT tiana eV remienok , Ellana oM lcah noav , uY liay Golovnay
Te Evolution of Regional Economic Development of UE ............................................................................................... 577
. T uK liev
Haloaccumulation efect and salt tolerance grades sorgum ............................................................................................ 582
. T uK lie v
Selection of a seed material vici in the conditions of soil salinity..................................................................................... 584
Faib o aM ria Santucci
Agritourism for Rural Development in Italy, Evolution, Situation and Perspectives ...................................................... 586
aX vier Sales and oJ rdi Carensy
Case Study on Performance Management. A Comprehensive Approach ......................................................................... 603
Section 5. Technology
lO e g Dormesikh n, Aliask andr iM naok usik , iV tk oryia Sah tsila
Infuence of mineral additives on activation of low concentrated phosphate rocks in complex fertilizers
production .......................................................................................................................................................................... 621
Sereg y dU alo,v Andre y Acih tae v
Improving ability of regulating wind power plant on the basis of the jet drive ............................................................... 626
iC ra k Beik r
Experimental Results for Concentricity in Wire Coating Processes ................................................................................ 631
lV adimir eM lentej ,v Alexander ovG zde v
Te kinematics of aircraf’s regulated output devices by use sofware MSC. ADAMS ..................................................... 642
E . Demynenok , .I oP po v
Research of forming of thin-walled axisymmetric parts with convex shape on the basis of fanging
and drawing processes ........................................................................................................................................................ 649
rI ina Antsiferoav , Eak terina aM ak roav , rI ina Fel� oav
Detection and identifcation of nanoparticles in laboratory animals for further studies toxicological
properties of the nanopowder of ZrO2-2Y2O3-4CeO2+3 % Al2O3 ............................................................................... 655
Sumaay h F . aR mh an, Stepeh n .N uR dnic,k Sonay . P iM lonoav , aJ mes . J cM Devitt and Edaw rd A . aN rdell
Infuence of Bioaerosol Source Location and Ceiling Fan Direction on Eggcrate Upper-room Ultraviolet
Germicidal Irradiation ....................................................................................................................................................... 658
. V.N rG inrk u,g SA. oK stiok v
Te designing of energy efcient utilities combined method of mathematical modeling ............................................... 664
aT tiana oR maniu,k Alla uhC soav
Receiving glucose-fructose syrup from akon .................................................................................................................... 667
rH isto Dinok ,v aN nok Bouz ok v
Information technology: methods and tools in energy saving calculation for building renovation and industry ......... 673
Sereg y Alesk eenok , rI ina Sah lhky islamoav
Development of powdered compounds extinguish exogenous fres in mines .................................................................. 677
aV sly aK rpiu,k aK terina Alub , Denis Danilenok , uJ lia Somina
Experimental investigations of the performance of reinforced concrete beams under cyclic loading ............................ 682
uY ri y rK uti y
Calculation on stability of resilient cores with the arbitrary continuous variable transversal rigidity
the method of the direct integration.................................................................................................................................. 697
Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa 7
Section 1.Biology, Medicine, Chemistry
Section 1. Biology, Medicine, Chemistry

1 2*
Shanmugam Somasundaram , Srikumar Chakravarthi ,
3 3
Ammu Radhakrishnan , Premdass Ramdas ,
4 3
Nagaraja Haleagrahara and Mangala Kumari
1
Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
2
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Perdana University
Graduate School of Medicine, Selangor, Malaysia.
3
Departments of Pathology and Human Biology,
International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
4
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Molecular Science,
James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.

Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin Supplementation in the
Modulation of NF-κB Responsive Genes in a Collagen-
induced Arthritis Rat Model

1. INTRODUCTION

Curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, is a natural compound and
principal curcuminoid of turmeric has been used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for
various diseases and ailments, besides culinary and textile use due to its
characteristic yellow colour [1,2]. There are overwhelming evidences on various
properties of curcumin. The widely studied properties are anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and anticancer [2]. Thus, it has a potential against various inflammatory
diseases, malignancy, allergies and other chronic illnesses. Curcumin has been
extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, and discovery of various
pathways on how curcumin exert this effect have been found [3–6]. One of them is
through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), transcription factor
involved in inflammation [7].
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors are a family of
structurally related eukaryotic transcription factors that promote the expression of well
over 150 genes involved in a variety of cellular process [8]. Numerous studies have
reported that the NF-κB proteins have diverse roles in B-cell development,
proliferation, and effector functions, as well as proliferation of T-cell [9]. Synovial
tissue, both human and several animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA0 have
8 Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa
been shown to ubiquitously express NF-κB [10,11]. One such animal model is
collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the oldest known afflictions to mankind [12]
and also the commonest form of chronic polyarthritis [13]. It is characterised as
chronic, systemic inflammatory disorder that mainly attacks the joints, in addition to
various other tissues and organs such as skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs and
muscles [14]. A systematic review conducted in 2005 based on the 1987 American
College of Rheumatology Criteria revealed that estimated prevalence of RA
worldwide is between 0.2% and 1.2% [15]. Population-based studies on
epidemiology of RA are limited especially in the developing countries.
However, available evidence suggests that incidence of RA is skewing towards
elderly age of onset and the incidence in women is on the rise. The mortality rate
for the elderly population with RA is on the rise likely due to multi systemic
manidestation of RA [16]. To date, the exact cause of RA has not been
demonstrated. Studies have shown that the aetiology is multifactorial, which takes
genetic factors [17] and environmental factors [18,19].
There is no cure for RA. Current treatment options focus improving the quality of
life of a RA patient. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics and
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the frequently used therapeutics
for the treatment of RA [20]. In spite of variety of treatment options available, a need
for a safer and more efficient drug is still there. This is mainly due to the financial
burden and side effects associated with current therapeutic option. Hence, the
spotlight is being diverted toward natural compounds, which aid the boost of the
“nutraceutical revolution”.
NF-κB plays a substantial role in rheumatoid arthritis and has been under the
spotlight as a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of RA [11,21]. Thus,
we aim to assess the therapeutic effect of curcumin supplementation in modulating the
expression of NF-κB in the joints of CIA rats.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Experimental Animals

Female, Dark Agouti rats, were obtained at 6-10 weeks old from Institute
of Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia and were acclimatized and maintained in
Laboratory Animal House, International Medical University (IMU) under specific
pathogen-free conditions. Each treatment group consisted of 6 rats.

2.2 Development of CIA

Collagen from chicken sternal cartilage Type II, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant
(CFA), Acetic Acid 99.8% was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Collagen
Fundamental and Applied Studies in America, Europe, Asia and Africa 9
induced arthritis was developed in the rats according to the protocol described by
Brand et al. [22]. The type II collagen was reconstituted in 5 ml of 0.1M cold acetic
acid and was added to the Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) at a ratio of 1:1.
The mixture was later homogenised for approximately 20 minutes at 4°C.
Approximately 0.2 – 0.4 ml emulsion was then injected intradermally at the rat’s
base of tail under general anaesthesia using diethyl ether. This amount the
collagen-CFA emulsion injected was adjusted to the body weight of the rat on day 1
of arthritis induction. The optimum concentration of emulsion to be injected was
previously determined through a pilot study conducted in International Medical
University [23].

2.3 Preparation and Administration of Treatments

Curcumin (>95%) was purchased from Natural Remedies, India, ≥99%
crystalline Acetylsalicylic acid from Sigma Aldrich, USA. Curcumin was prepared in a
standard vehicle of 0.5 – 0.7 ml 100% olive oil. The amount administered was at
concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg based on the weight of the rat
at day 25 for arthritic groups. This dosage was selected based on previous
established works [5]. As curcumin was delivered by oral gavage using a gavage
tube, direct entry into the gastrointestinal surface was ensured. Moreover, the
gavage was done on empty stomach before the actual feeding, hence ensuring
optimum absorption without much wastage. Body weight is measured every 4 days
and the dosage is changed accordingly for each rat during the treatment period.
Appropriate quantities of curcumin were added to falcon tubes containing olive oil
and thoroughly mixed using a sonicator ensuring both oil particles have combined to
an even mixture. The compound was stored wrapped in aluminum foil, as it is
light sensitive. Treatment was administered as oral supplementation daily using
syringes without needle from day 25 to day 38 for 3 arthritic groups at the
aforementioned concentrations respectively. Aspirin was similarly dissolved in water
at a concentration of 3 mg/ml. Each rat received a dosage 25 mg/kg aspirin based on
the weight at day 25 for arthritic group daily for 14 days. Body weight is measured
every 4 days and the dosage is changed accordingly for each rat during the
treatment period. Combination treatments were also administered to three arthritic
groups; 500 mg/kg curcumin and 25 mg/kg aspirin; 1000 mg/kg curcumin and 25
mg/kg aspirin; 2000 mg/kg curcumin and 25 mg/kg aspirin from day 25 to 38. One
non-induced group received only 0.5ml olive oil from day 25 to 38, and one
arthritic group received 25 mg/kg aspirin, which were used as negative and positive
control group.

2.4 Histological Examination

The knee joints of the rats were collected on day 39 of experimental cycle and