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The study and control of wall bounded flows El estudio y control de flujos de pared PDF

222 Pages·2008·15.85 MB·English
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´ UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TE´CNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERONA´UTICOS The study and control of wall bounded flows El estudio y control de flujos de pared Tesis Doctoral Por Mark Phil Simens Ingeniero Mec´anico Madrid, January 2008 DEPARTAMENTO DE MOTOPROPULSIO´N Y TERMOFLUIDODINA´MICA ESCUELA TE´CNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERONA´UTICOS The study and control of wall bounded flows El estudio y control de flujos de pared Autor Mark Phil Simens Ingeniero Mec´anico Director de Tesis Javier Jim´enez Send´ın Doctor Ingeniero Aeron´autico Madrid, January 2008 2 Contents Contents i Acknowledgements vi Preface ix Nomenclature ix Abstract xxii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Wall bounded flows with and without strong APGs . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Review of the scaling of the mean flow and Reynolds-stresses . 5 1.2 Near-wall flow in a turbulent channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.1 Objective for the first part of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Control and its numerical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.1 Control of separation on low-pressure turbine blades . . . . . . 11 1.3.2 High resolution versus low resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3.3 Objectives for the second part of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4 Tools used for the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.1 Organization of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2 Characterization of near-wall turbulence in terms of equilibrium and ‘bursting’ solutions 17 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Computational methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.1 Autonomous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.2 Plane Couette solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Classification of solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.1 The structure of the flow field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4 Comparison with turbulent flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.1 Flow type and Reynolds-number effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.2 Comparisons with full turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.5 Bursting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 i Contents 3 A numerical code to simulate turbulent boundary layers 45 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.2 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3 The spatial discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3.1 Fourth-order schemes and the DG matrix . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4 Pressure, mass conservation and boundary conditions . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5 Code verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.5.1 Individual discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.5.2 Time-dependent flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.5.3 Blasius profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.5.4 Three-dimensional turbulent separated boundary layer . . . . 67 3.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4 The control of laminar separation bubbles 71 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.2 Numerical techniques and unperturbed flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.2.1 Problem description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.3 The influence of C , forcing frequency, Reynolds number and APG µ on flow development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.3.1 Influence of C and forcing frequency on flow development . . 76 µ 4.4 Frequency selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.1 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.2 Vortex creation due to high amplitude forcing . . . . . . . . . 83 4.4.3 Influence of suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5 The study of a boundary layer under the influence of strong Ad- verse Pressure Gradients and wakes 93 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.2 Numerical method, geometry and boundary conditions . . . . . . . . 95 5.2.1 Design and resolution requirements of future numerical exper- iments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.3 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.3.1 Instantaneous results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.3.2 First order moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.3.3 Second and higher order moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.3.4 Comparison with ITP laboratory data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.3.5 Momentum and energy balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6 Conclusions and future work 133 ii Contents A Additional numerical issues 137 A.1 Stability in time and space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 A.2 Numerical schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 A.2.1 Boundary schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 B Multi-grid solution method 147 B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 B.1.1 Multi-grid ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 B.2 (Non)-uniform restriction and interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 B.3 Creation of matrix A on coarse grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 B.3.1 The high-order schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 B.3.2 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 C Resumen 157 C.1 Introducci´on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 C.2 Primera parte. La caracterizaci´on de la regi´on de la pared turbulenta 158 C.2.1 Objetivos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 C.3 Caracterizaci´on de la regi´on de la pared turbulenta en t´ermino de soluciones en equilibrio y “bursting” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 C.4 Segunda parte. Estudio num´erico de la separaci´on y su control . . . . 161 C.4.1 C´odigo num´erico para simular capas l´ımite turbulentas . . . . 162 C.4.2 Control de burbujas de separaci´on laminar . . . . . . . . . . . 168 C.4.3 El control de separaci´on en turbinas de bajo presi´on . . . . . . 169 C.4.4 Estudio de una capa l´ımite bajo la influencia de fuertes gra- dientes de presiones adversas y estelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Bibliography 181 Curriculum Vitae 191 iii Contents iv

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ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS AERON´AUTICOS. The study and 1.1.1 Review of the scaling of the mean flow and Reynolds-stresses . 5 .. Perry and Schofield velocity scale: 8√(B. L )um. [m Periodic suction is only effective when applied close to the unforced separation point.
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